从“国家化”到“去国家化”:我国城镇住房制度的演变进路与机制——基于1949～1998年《人民日报》的文本分析

The Process and Mechanism from Nationalization to Denationalization of Urban Housing System in China: Based on the Text Analysis of People’s Daily 1949-1998

理解中国城镇住房的市场化进程不能脱离中国社会特有的历史、文化和政治背景,因此,深入考察中国的住房制度演变逻辑必须回到中国社会具体的历史脉络和社会情境中去。本研究择取《人民日报》(1949~1998年)中关于住房的相关文本进行解读,试图客观地展现1949年以来中共对城镇住房的基本态度及其历史性转变。在1949年以来中国城镇住房体制改革发展的进路中,国家经历了从进入到退出,从主导到辅助的角色转变。20世纪50年代住房的国有化进程是计划经济体制下中国城镇住房的一个重要特征,也是体现国家全能主义和大一统的重要表现。改革开放之后,随着市场、社会等中间要素的发育,国家逐渐将住房的主导性让位于市场,个人与国家在住房上的直接关联性逐渐被打破。"去国家化"进程弱化了国家的再分配权力,也重构了个人与国家的关系。

Understanding the process of China’s urban housing marketization would be impossible without referring to the unique historical, cultural,and political backgrounds of Chinese society.Therefore, an in-depth study of the evolutionary logic of China’s housing system must go back to China’s specific historical and social context.In this study, we analyze relevant texts on housing in the People’s Daily(1949-1998)and try to demonstrate the CCP’s basic attitude towards urban housing since 1949 and its historical changes.In the process of China’s urban housing reform since 1949,the state has gone through the transition from entry to exit, and from leading to supporting.Nationalization of housing in the 1950s was an important feature of urban housing under the planned economy system.It was also an important manifestation of national totalism and the grand unification.After the reform and opening up,with the development of market,society and other intermediate elements,the state has gradually given way to the market and the direct connection between state and individuals in housing is broken step by step.The process of ’denationalization’ has weakened state redistributive power and also reconstructed the state-individual relationship.