清代盛京等省的“城守”与“城”

A Study of Chengshou( city guardian) and Cheng( city)in Shengjing( 盛京) and some other Provinces in the Qing Dynasty

顺治元年八月,盛京地区初步形成八旗驻防体系。康熙《盛京通志》将这些八旗驻防机构称之为城守公署,城守所辖区域为行政区划,与州县并列,代表着省级官员对"城守"制度的认同。同时,公文中的"城"逐渐具有城守辖区的含义。乾隆年间,官修《清朝文献通考》将东三省与新疆的八旗驻防区域称之为"城",记录为行政区划。嘉庆、光绪两部《清会典》将这些城守辖区规范为"城",城制成为与府厅州县制具有同样法律地位的地方行政制度。城守制与城制的重新发现,为研究清代地方行政制度、四省的八旗驻防提供了一个新的视点。

In the eighth lunar month of the first year of emperor Shunzhi(顺治), the Eight Banner garrison system was established preliminarily in Shengjing(盛京)area. In Shengjing Tongzhi(Gazetteers of Shengjing Provinces), these garrison organizations were recorded as Chengshou(city guardian) official bureaus, and the area in their domain was also recorded as administrative division juxtaposed with prefectures and counties. It represents a widespread recognition of Chengshou administrative system by provincial officials in that time. Meanwhile, the word "Cheng"(city) in contemporaneous official documents gradually took on the meaning of the area under Chengshou s administration. In Wenxian Tongkao of the Qing Dynasty(the Comprehensive Textual Research of Official Documents in Early Qing Dynasty), which was compiled during emperor Qianlong s(乾隆) reign, the Eight Banner garrison areas in three northeastern provinces and Xinjiang area of China were named Cheng as one administrative division. These administrative areas were then normalized as "Cheng" by two latter political regulations, Jiaqing(嘉庆)Huidian and Guangxu(光绪)Huidian, which legally makes Cheng an administrative division just as Prefecture and County. The discovery of Chengshou and Cheng administrative system provides a new perspective for studying the Eight Banner garrison system in four above provinces and also the administrative system in the Qing Qynasty.