美国一流大学英才主义机会均等的实践及启示

The Practice and Enlightenment of Elite Opportunity Equalization in First-class American Universities

本文选取8所美国一流大学作为样本,运用文献研究法与比较研究法探究其对"教育公平"的实践及可资借鉴的经验。研究发现:8所大学在各民族适龄青年间、不同性别间、处于不同经济地位的学生之间分配入学机会,并向这些才智出众的青年提供本校优质学术资源,实质是英才主义机会均等。美国丰富而多样的高等教育系统为8所美国一流大学英才主义机会均等的实践提供了空间,联邦政策成为其英才主义机会均等实践的助推器,大学的经费资源是其践行英才主义机会均等的重要保障。我国精英大学在"教育公平"的实践中,在寻求外部适宜的政策空间与机制的同时,更需要大学自身具备提供英才主义机会均等的实力,其中我国精英大学如何提升经济实力是未来值得研究的重大课题。

Educational equity is a hot and difficult issue in the field of education in China.Whether in theory or in practice,educational equity has the distinction of"educational equity for education"and"educational equity for equity",which are the two wings of educational equity and constitute the complete meaning of educational equity.Based on this conceptual framework,this paper chooses eight top-ranking universities in the United States as samples to explore their practice and experience of"educational equity"by using literature research and comparative research methods.It is found that eight universities allocate admission opportunities among young people of all ethnic groups,between different genders and among students of different economic status,and provide high-quality academic resources to these talented young people.The two wings of educational equity shown by these universities are essentially equal opportunities of intellectualism.The rich and diverse higher education system in the United States provides space for the practice of equal opportunities of elitism in eight first-class American universities.Federal policy has become the booster of the practice of equal opportunities of elitism.The financial resources of universities are the important guarantee for the practice of equal opportunities of elitism.In the practice of"educational equity",elite universities in China need to have the strength to provide equal opportunities for elitism while seeking suitable external policy space and mechanism.Among them,how to improve the economic strength of elite universities in China is an important issue worth studying in the future.