呈进、采办与造办:清代西洋机械钟表入华与技术传播

Gifting, Purchasing and Making: The Western Timepieces in Qing China and Its Technology Transmission

工艺制品历来是对外贸易的重要内容之一,它被作为稀缺物资和文化输出往来于进出口国家与地区,也是中外技术交流、文化交流的重要研究对象。18世纪以降,欧洲多国纷纷加紧对华贸易,主要是以海上运输的方式将各种工艺制品带到中国,由海关接收后,有一部分会被运进宫廷;彼时,也正值清朝盛世之际,宫廷的制器环境为历史最优,清宫造办处这一御制机构在作坊、匠人和管理规模等方面均达到顶峰。

It was the flourishing 18th century when making environment was optimal in Qing court. The Qing court-timepieces originated from the gifting of the westerners. There was another important way that timepieces sourcing from the official's purchasing in Guangdong Maritime Customs. The official entrust Hong merchants to purchase and recruit craftsmen to meet with the demand of “ greatness and goodnesss ” by Emperor Qianlong. Making timepieces by the Imperial Workshops was the third way to get timepieces to the Qing court. With the effort of the western people, Qing craftsman and the eunuch of the Imperial Workshops copied European timepieces successfully." Gifting-purchasing-making ” was the importating process that European timepieces technology adopted in Qing Palace.