清宫太监喇嘛考——兼谈内廷藏传佛教仪式与信仰

The Eunuch lama study of Qing Imperial Institutions: The Ceremony and Belief of Tibetan Buddhism in Qing Imperial Institutions

清宫太监喇嘛设置,沿自前明,又有所损益。清宫早期太监喇嘛大概来源于明旧番经厂,而非康熙三十六年始设之中正殿;宫园之内多处地点安设有太监喇嘛,学经太监安设地点亦不止一处。乾隆以来,太监喇嘛群体设置逐渐制度化与常态化,并置于内务府的严格管理之下。太监喇嘛虽身份低微,却是清宫内廷频繁宗教活动中的重要承差者,也是反映清宫日常的一面镜子;藏传佛教文化之于清廷的重要影响,体现在宗教、政治与文化之间的多维交融互通,其宗教文化也是构成清朝多民族统一国家的重要基石。

The setting of Eunuch lama in Qing Imperial Institutions,along the Ming,but also profit and loss.The early qing dynasty eunuchs lama almost came from the Ming dynasty’s fan jing chang,rather than zhongzhengdian set by Kang xi thirty-six years;There were eunuch lamas in several locations in the palace garden,There was also more than one place for the Buddhist learning eunuchs.From the qianlong dynasty,The setting of eunuchs’lamas was gradually institutionalized and normalized,And under the strict administration of Imperial Household Department.Though the eunuch lamas is humble,they are not only the important foundation of the qing court’s frequent religious activities,but also a mirror reflecting the daily life of the qing court;The significant influence of Tibetan buddhist culture on the qing dynasty is reflected in the multidimensional integration and interconnection between religion,politics and culture,and its religious culture is also an important cornerstone of the multi-national unification of qing dynasty.