从“中华民族”到“中国民族”:中共与孙中山在概念使用上的转变

From "Zhonghua Minzu" to "Zhongguo Minzu":The Conceptual Change between the Communist Party of China and Sun Yat-Sen

五四运动后,"中华民族"概念在孙中山的作用之下,逐渐具有了"民族同化"的含义。由于"民族同化"与中共主张的民族自决理论相冲突,所以,1923年11月左右,中共领导层认识到这个问题后,开始用"中国民族"替代"中华民族"来表达"中国各民族"的意思,而"中华民族"则仅仅指汉族。无独有偶,国民党一大期间,孙中山为了获得苏俄的援助,也发生了同样的概念转变。在这之后,中共对孙中山的民族主义进行诠释与再建构,使之具有世界主义色彩。然而,孙中山的概念转变只是一种权宜之计。所以,国民党一大刚结束,孙中山即发表民族主义演讲,开始通过灵活的处理方式来排斥世界主义思想,并试图重回民族主义阵营。中共与孙中山在概念使用上的转变,其实是双方意识形态中世界主义与民族主义思想的博弈。

After the May 4 th Movement,under the influence of Sun Yat-sen,the concept of"Zhonghua Minzu"gradually formed the meaning of"national assimilation".Since"national assimilation"conflicted with the theory of national self-determination advocated by the CPC,the CPC leadership,after recognizing this problem,began to use"Zhongguo Minzu"instead of"Zhonghua Minzu"to express the meaning of"Chinese nationalities"around November 1923.And then the so-called"Zhonghua Minzu"generally referred to the Han nationality.Coincidentally,during the first National Congress of the Kuomintang,Sun Yat-sen also experienced the same conceptual change in order to obtain assistance from the Soviet Russia.Later,the CPC interpreted and reconstructed Sun Yat-sen’s nationalism,making it cosmopolitan.However,Sun Yat-sen’s conceptual change was only an expedient measure.After the first National Congress of the Kuomintang,Sun Yat-sen issued a nationalist speech and began to reject cosmopolitanism through a flexible approach and tried to recover his nationalism.The change in the use of concept between the CPC and Sun Yat-sen was actually a game between cosmopolitanism and nationalism in the respective ideologies of the two sides.