汉代三公的罢免问题

The Removal of the Sangong in the Han Dynasty

三公是两汉官僚行政的中枢,政府十分注重对他们的管理。若三公不称职、老病,或国家出现重大灾异现象,常被罢免。三公因故被免,一般至少需经过他人或自己主动“劾奏”、皇帝“策免”两大环节。作为皇帝的股肱,罢免后三公比其他官吏享受更多礼遇。三公被免后,丞相(大司徒)在西汉往往由御史大夫补位,东汉扩大到九卿,反映了丞相在内朝出现前后的地位变化。太尉(大司马)、御史大夫(大司空)的补位者多为九卿,东汉时期亦有地方郡守补位的情况,说明地方势力坐大,渐成中央朝廷的威胁。罢免虽然是一种较为温和的方式,但为我们进一步认识三公制度中的其它问题提供了启示。

Sangong was the center of bureaucratic administration in the Han Dynasty, and the government attached great importance to their management. If they were incompetent, old and sick, or if there were major disasters in the country, they were often relegated or dismissed. When they were relegated or dismissed, they usually need to go through at least two links, that was, the initiative of others or themselves to "report" and the emperor's "dismissal". After being relegated or dismissed, they generally enjoyed more treatment than other ordinary officials. After being missed, the prime minister was often replaced by the imperial censor in the Western Han Dynasty, and expanded to Jiuqing in the Eastern Han Dynasty, reflecting the change of the prime minister's position between the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties. Most of the successors of Tai Wei and imperial censor were Jiuqing, and there were local county guards in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which showed that the local forces were strong and gradually became a threat to the central court. Although relegation and dismiss was a relatively mild way, it provided us with inspiration for further understanding of other issues in the Sangong system.