世界文化遗产列入濒危标准的发展与当前困境

Developments and Challenges: Criteria for Inscription of Cultural Properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger

自1979年至今,《世界遗产濒危名录》已建立40年的时间,《濒危名录》成为促进世界遗产地保护管理水平提升,促进遗产保护国际合作的重要工具。文章系统梳理了历次《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》对于文化遗产列入濒危标准的修订,并参照列入濒危标准,整理了87次咨询机构建议列入濒危的文化遗产地面临的威胁因素、影响和最终决议情况,以呈现不同时期世界文化遗产面临的主要威胁,及咨询机构、委员会和缔约国等不同身份世界遗产项目参与者的不同主张。通过对若干存在争议的建议列入濒危的文化遗产案例分析,文章试图展示文化遗产列入濒危标准和机制层面面临的困境与挑战,以期为未来《世界遗产濒危名录》的进一步完善提出有益的建议。

Over the four decades since its establishment in 1979, the List of World Heritage in Danger has been employed as a major tool to enhance the capacity for protecting and managing World Heritage sites and to promote international cooperation in heritage conservation. This paper reviews past revisions to the criteria used to include a cultural heritage site on the List of World Heritage in Danger pursuant to the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Based on criteria for inclusion, this paper also summarizes and analyzes threats, impacts and WHC decisions as regards 87 cultural heritage sites recommended for inclusion on the List of World Heritage in Danger, with the aim of presenting major threats confronting World Cultural Heritage sites in different periods of time and different views held by Advisory Bodies, the Committee and State Parties. With the analysis of several disputable cases, this paper attempts to clarify difficulties and challenges arising from criteria and mechanisms for inclusion on the List of World Heritage in Danger and contribute useful recommendations to its improvement in the future.