迂回致使句中“使”和“让”的功能分化

The Functional Differentiation of “Shi” and “Rang” in Periphrastic Causative Sentences

汉语迂回致使句的句法形式一般为“N1+V1+N2+V2”,其中V1一般为“使”“让”“令”“叫”等致使标记词,无实际的词汇语义,也就是不承担致使关系的词汇化功能。“使”“让”可以看作是迂回致使句中最典型的V1,在语料中呈现绝对优势分布。“使”是单纯的迂回致使词,而“让”则是多功能致使词。“让”可以表达“迂回致使”“使役”“允许”“被动”等四种语义,分别记为让1、让2、让3、让4。在迂回致使句中,“使”和“让1”功能接近,可在有限环境下相互替换。语料显示,“使”字句可替换率远高于“让1”字句。“使”和“让1”存在一定程度的有倾向性的功能分化。功能分化受到几个因素的影响:语体制约、事件类型制约以及V1动词语义制约。

The syntactic form of periphrastic causative sentences is generally " N1 + V1 + N2 + V2", in which V1 is generally causative markers such as“shi”,“rang”,“ling”and“jiao”. It has no actual lexical meaning, that is, it does not assume the lexicalization function of causative relations.“shi”and “rang”can be regarded as the most typical V1 in periphrastic causative sentences, which show absolute dominance distribution in the corpus.“Shi”is a simple periphrastic causative word, while“rang”is a multifunction causative word.“Rang”can express the four meanings of“periphrastic causation”,“causation”,“permission”and “passivity”, which are respectively recorded as Rang 1, Rang 2, Rang 3 and Rang 4. In periphrastic causative sentences, the functions of“shi”and“rang1”are close to each other and can be replaced in a limited conditions. Corpus shows that the substitution rate of “shi”sentence is much higher than that of “rang1”. There is a certain degree of tendentious functional differentiation between“shi”and“rang1”. It is restricted by several factors: style, event type and semantics of V1.