基于精准助农的“小微田园综合体”——概念、模式与实践

The “Micro Rural Complex” Based on Supporting the Targeted Farmers——Notion, Model and Practice

针对现有乡村建设项目以权力和资本主导、农民受益被动且有限的现实,瞄准农户主体、小规模农场提出“小微田园综合体”模式,旨在精准助农。引入复杂适应系统(CAS)的理论视角,解析乡村和田园综合体的复杂适应性特征。依据理论框架,探析多元主体的营建动力机制、“要素特征—业态模型—空间模型”的营建路径、建构“小微田园综合体”模式。并以湖州璞心家庭农场展开落地实践,以农户为核心主体、建构“社区支持型”农业与休闲体验相结合的“业态模型”,提出基于系统历时性、共时性的“低度干预”“本土融合”等有机更新设计策略,完成从线上到线下的社区营造。“小微田园综合体”模式建构对拓展建筑学在乡建领域的研究路径和实践范围有重要意义。

Under the strategy of rural vitalization, China has been in the transition of priority development of agricultural and rural areas. In 2017, the central government proposed the notion of “rural complex” in the “No. 1 Document”, which is an effective carrier for the coordinating rural industries development and spatial construction. In spite of contribution to rural development, the rural complex practices dominated by the government’s huge finance or large capitals make farmers only have limited benefits. In the case of smallholder agricultural management system, hilly terrain, agricultural historical tradition and policy transformation, this paper proposes “micro rural complex”, aiming at supporting the targeted farmers owned by the small scale farms. It tries to figure out the notion, construction model and empirical practice of “micro rural complex”. Firstly, the notion of the rurality and “micro rural complex” is clarified from the perspective of “Complex Adaptation System”(CAS). The rural system is a both heterogeneous and isomorphic complex system combining industrial, social, spatial and cultural form, in which individuals and organizations do adaptive behaviors with intelligence and active learning ability. Under the framework of CAS theory, the “micro rural complex” system is a coupling between the industrial subsystem and the spatial subsystem. The industry subsystem is the bottom-up emergence of the micro-participants for the need of production and life, and the space subsystem is the material representation of their needs. The evolution of industry and space originates from the individual’s adaptation to the environment, in which process the industry stimulates the demand of space, and the spatial form feeds back to the industrial changes. The interaction between industry and space affects the complex form of the self-organization system. Secondly, it explores the mechanism, construction path and model of the “micro rural complex”. Under the urban-rural integrating trend, farmers, governments, enterprises and other multi-subjects express different adaptive feedback behaviors to the dynamic and changing society. The adaptive behaviors of the multi-subjects merge and agglomerate, forming a five-inone construction driving mechanism of “farmers as the main body, government as the mainstay, technology as the helper, enterprises as the support, and each member as a participator”. Then, according to the climate, geomorphology, transportation, resource advantages, market potential and other aspects, the characteristics of a certain village are analyzed to establish the industrial model to link the agriculture and other sectors, and produce the oriented spatial model. The construction path works along the process of “characteristics-industrial model-spatial model”.Finally, we launch the pilot practice of “micro rural complex” at Puxin Farm in Huzhou’s village. In the aspect of the operational mechanism, farmers with decision-making power, supportive local government, the research team that demonstrates the ability of technology transfer and resource integration, citizens who invest as shareholders, and active consumers work together to form the five-in-one driving force. In the aspect of the construction path, the Puxin Farm relies on the three characteristics of qualified soil and water resources, convenient logistics and transportation, and the huge demand for healthy food and rural leisure nearby, and therefore clearly defines community-supported agriculture and leisure experience as the industrial model. The spatial model adapts the dynamic industrial requirement by taking the strategies of less aggressive planning interventions, local design integration and community-supported construction. In the first stage, the research team forms a community-supported agriculture platform “Xiaomei (small and beauty) Cooperative” based on the “small scale and beauty quality” concept, which links the Puxin Farm and the citizen families directly by the Internet. The transparent and direct-selling industry model has enabled the farm to operate sustainably and benefit directly. In the second stage, in the industry-oriented spatial model, the overall planning strategy takes advantage of agriculture with its multi-functional value of production and landscape. Plan with soft intervention by adapting to the seasonal landscape changes and the busy or slack farming times, aiming at maintaining the beauty and rural landscape pattern in temporal and spatial dimension. Meanwhile, the basic service facilities are embedded to achieve the spatial integrated form of production, housing and scenery. Moreover, the organic renewal strategy is taken in the node spatial design, by inserting new function in the existing vacant buildings, utilizing the previous space and structure and design with local materials in vernacular form and technique. In addition, the construction of Puxin “micro rural complex” is supported by the community from online to offline. In summary, the notion of “micro rural complex” has expanded the research method and practice scope of architecture discipline in the field of rural construction. Architects need to be transformed from designers to coordinators, and their work content extends from the traditional “design” stage to the whole design management process of “plan-design-build-operate”. Based on the family farm as the basic industrial and spatial unit, the construction model of the “micro rural complex” will bring significant insights to rural revitalization.