改革开放40年以来的先秦礼学与礼制研究

The 40-years-Research of Three-li Studies, Etiquettes and Ceremonial Institutions of Pre-Qin Dynasties after Reform and Opening-up Policy

中国古代的“礼”是一个融政治制度、社会生活为一体的庞大体系,先秦时期,礼学和礼制高度混融,保存于“三礼”之中,后代的礼学训诂考据某种程度上等同于先秦史研究。改革开放40年以来,乾嘉考据学的传统在礼学研究中不绝如缕地传承,礼制研究则在20世纪现代人文社科方法传入后,摆脱了作为礼经训诂附庸而存在的状况,成为真正意义上的历史学研究,并且因为社会学、文化人类学方法的传入,研究方式趋于多样化。民国时期开始使用的“礼俗”概念自改革开放以来内涵日益丰富,但亦有模糊的地方。考古资料日新月异,其中的出土文献为礼学研究注入了活力,实物资料则为研究先秦时期的物化礼乐乃至政治典制研究提供了新素材。以上研究均有长足进展,但在研究的系统化方面则仍然存在广阔的提升空间。

The Rites(礼)in ancient China is a huge institution which consists of political policies,laws and social-status protocol decrees.During the Pre-Qin period,the Studies of Rites and the social-political protocol institution were merged thoroughly,both of them were preserved in“Three Li”(三礼)so in many respects,the philological researches in“Three Li”are equal to the studies of Pre-Qin history.During these 40 years after the Reform and Opening-up Policy,the tradition of textual and historical criticism during Qian Long and Jiaqing(乾嘉考据学)has been kept down in the Studies of“Three Li”,while the research of etiquettes and ceremonial institution(礼制)have got rid of the subordinate character as part of the study of classical Rites books(礼经学)to be an independent historical research field after the introduction of modern humanities and social sciences.With the continuous introduction of sociology and culture anthropology methods,paradigms are maturing more and more.Meanwhile,the concept of“customs of Li”(礼俗)which has been used from the former part of the 20th century,possesses a more and more complex content but its exact meaning is still vague.However,with more and more archaeological material from field excavations,unearthed documents have been stimulating the studies of the“Three Li”,and providing fresh evidence for the research of ceremonial utensil and political hierarchy.All these studies have made great improvements,but there is still space for the improvement of detailed and systematic research.