伊比利亚联合王国东方贸易中的西葡竞争与合作(1580—1642年)

The competition and cooperation in the Oriental Trade During the Period of Iberian Union(1580-1642)

1580年西班牙国王菲利普二世继承了葡萄牙的王位,西葡两国由此进入了伊比利亚联合王国时期。这一消息在两年后传到葡属澳门,澳门与西属马尼拉之间的贸易随之开启。最初由于双方各怀鬼胎,贸易只是徒具其形。16到17世纪之交,荷兰人和英国人东来,对葡萄牙和西班牙人在东方的贸易垄断地位发起了强有力的挑战,从而促使葡萄牙和西班牙人进一步合作,澳门与马尼拉之间的贸易繁荣起来。但是,这一贸易从一开始就不对等,葡萄牙人几乎垄断了贸易,政治上强势的西班牙人反而在贸易中处处被动,由此形成了一种奇怪的格局:王冠戴在西班牙人的头上,财富却流入了葡萄牙人的口袋。

The Spanish King Philip II succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580,and Spain and Portugal came into the period of Iberian Union.With the arrival of this news in Portuguese Macao,this city began to trade with Spanish Manila.However,due to their individual ambitions,the trade was underdeveloped in the first stage.In the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries,the Dutch and English intruders seriously challenged the Portuguese and Spanish monopoly over the oriental commerce,which caused their further cooperation.In this case,the commercial intercourse between Macao and Manila developed and prospered quickly.But the trade was uneven from the beginning,because the Portuguese almost monopolized this trade,and instead the Spanish with advantageous political status played a disadvantaged role in it,which gives rise to a thought-provoking situation:although the Spanish acquired the imperial crown,the Portuguese gained the wealth.