丹尼列夫斯基与俄罗斯立场的“东方—西方”观

Danielevsky and the “East-West”View of Russia’s Position

从东方学学术思想史上看,19世纪俄国思想家丹尼列夫斯基最早站在“西方”的东边,使用当时流行的属于科学主义经验主义的思维方法,把生物学的生命盛衰周期原理运用于历史文化研究,提出了历史文明形态划分的基本原则、十种重要的历史文明体、历史文化类型及其运动发展的五条规律,从而确立了独特的多元文明形态论,否决了西方文明价值的普世性、对此前西方流行的“古代—中世纪—近代”的历史阶段划分、对单线发展的西方中心主义的历史“进步”观念都提出了挑战和批判。但在论述的过程中却断言中国等东方文明衰朽必死,暴露出了社会生物主义的严重缺陷及文化偏见。他的理论对后来的20世纪初俄国的欧亚主义思潮产生了深刻影响,为世界性的“比较文明学”学科领域奠定了理论基础。

Early in the 19th century,Russian thinker Danielevsky,on the basis of prevailing scientific empirical thinking mode,applied the principle of life cycle of biology to the study of history and culture,and put forward basic principles of the division of forms of historical civilization,ten important historical civilizations and five rules of historical and cultural types and their moving course,which represents the first step on the east of the“West”in orientalism thought history.The above discovers established the unique theory of multi-civilization form,rejected the universality of the value of western civilization,challenged the former popular division of the historical stage of“ancient-medieval-modern”mode,and criticized the concept of“progress”of the single-line developed western centralism.The theory put forward by him had a profound influence on the Eurasian thoughts in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century,which laid a theoretical foundation for the worldwide discipline of“comparative civilization”.