船山《易》以明德——以《周易外传》“天乾”之别为论

Chuanshan’s Viewpoint on Yi’s Cultivating Virtue: From the Perspective of the Difference Between “Tian” and “Qian” in ZhouYiWaiZhuan

在船山这里,道、象、德三者关系,既是"天乾"之别的具体展现,又可作为"天乾"之别的衍生之义。借由"天乾"之别,我们可以看出船山于天客观性的强调以及对乾人文性的偏重。船山在强调天具有客观自然性的基础上,指出人要发挥主观能动性辅助天道的运行,遵循《易》以明德。同时,由于道与象之间的张力,天乾关系变得丰富,既有区别,又存在联系。船山论天乾之别折射出其有意将人与天进行区分,人事和天事不仅有联系还有区别。

In the thought of Chuanshan,the relationship between Tao,Xiang and De is not only a concrete content of the difference between"Tian"and"Qian",but also a derivative of the difference between them.From the difference,one can see that Chuanshan emphasizes both the objectivity of"Tian"and the humanity of "Qian". On the basis of the objectivity of"Tian",Chuanshan points out that people should exert initiative to assist the operation of the "Tian",and people should follow Yi to cultivate virtue. At the same time,because of the tension between"Tao"and"Xiang",the relationship between"Tian"and"Qian"becomes diversified which had both difference and connection. Chuanshan’s theory of the difference between"Tian"and "Qian"reflects his intention to distinguish human from heaven,the relationship between human and heaven can not only be related,but also be different.