西方接吻文化在近代中国的受容与变迁

The Cultural History of Kiss in Modern China

接吻文化在近代中国的形塑与传播,集中体现了中国社会接受外来文化、变革两性关系、重塑道德标准的历史进程。晚清各类文本中广泛出现“接吻”一词,是士大夫和来华传教士等中西文化传译者有意选择的结果,折射出中国社会在接受“新式文明”时微妙而复杂的心态。在译介西方接吻文化的过程中,以鸳鸯蝴蝶派文学为代表的通俗文化作品通过放大亲吻行为本身具有的情色意涵,构建起普罗大众对西洋世界的臆想,但与此同时又将接吻打造成高尚爱情和自由婚姻的象征符号。随着新文化运动的兴起和电影文艺的推广,西方接吻文化在中国得以进一步传播,而两性关系和婚恋观念的变革则是其流行的必要条件。针对接吻文化泛滥所引发的一系列社会问题,人们从“礼仪”“卫生”“风化”等层面开展了持久的争论,政府管理者也以维持伦理道德为名,积极干预接吻文化的传播。但在战后美国文化霸权的压力之下,国民政府的社会管理陷入自我矛盾的困境,无力阻挡西方接吻文化在中国的漫延。

The shaping and spreading of kissing culture reflects how the foreign cultures have been accepted, gender relations transformed, and moral standards remodeled in modern China. The widespread of the word "接吻"(Kiss) in various texts during the late Qing period was the result of deliberate choice made by both Chinese and Western cultural interpreters such as scholar-bureaucrats and missionaries in China,which reflects the subtle and complicated mentality of Chinese in accepting the "new civilization". In the process of interpreting the Western kissing culture, the popular literature, represented by the works of" Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies School"("鸳鸯蝴蝶派"), have created illusion of the West among the general public by highlighting the erotic implication of kissing behavior, but meanwhile, kiss was made as a symbol of romantic love and freedom of marriage. With the rise of the New Culture Movement and the promotion of film art, the Western kissing culture has been further spread in China, and the change of gender relations as well as the concept of marriage are necessary for its popularity. In response to a series of social problems caused by the overflow of kissing culture, long-lasting debates have been carried out from the aspects of " etiquette", " hygiene" and " morals", and successive governments also actively exerted influences on this cultural issue in the name of enforcing ethical and moral standards. Nevertheless, under the pressure of American cultural hegemony after World War II, Nationalist Government was unable to stop the spread of Western kissing culture in China, since its social management fell into a self-contradictory dilemma.