名称转让制度刍议

Discussion on the Name Transfer System

名称转让制度可为深入认识名称权乃至人格权法的基础理论提供新的视角。商号应定位为营业名称,方能维持概念的统一性,并与字号以及经营者的姓名或名称区分。个体工商户与企业的名称构成存在实质区别,并非居于同一逻辑层次。名称权的主体限于法人、非法人组织。企业名称兼具人格和财产双重利益,一般意义上的名称权则是为充分保护作为自然人的团体成员、雇员的人格而设,宜定位为人格权。名称的绝对转让限于营利性组织,且需借助两轮名称变更来具体实现,可解释为名称变更的一种特殊形式。民法典人格权编在名称权的权能表达上可舍弃“转让”权能。名称转让决定做出之时可认为企业已自愿放弃该名称的人格利益,其进入交易领域不应被认为是对人格权专属性之破坏。

The name transfer system can provide a new perspective for understanding the name right and even the basic theories of the law of the personality rights.The trade name should be positioned as the business name to maintain the unity of the concept,and to distinguish it from the key words of the shop name and the name of the operator.There is a substantial difference between the name of the individual industrial and commercial households,and the name of the enterprise,and they are not at the same logical level.The subjects of the name right are limited to legal persons and unincorporated organizations.The name of the enterprise has both the personality and the property.In the general sense,the name right is designed to fully protect the personality of the members and employees as the natural person,so it should be positioned as the personality right.The absolute transfer of the name is limited to the for-profit organization,and needs to be implemented by means of two rounds of name change,which can be interpreted as a special form of name transfer.The Personality Rights Section in the Civil Code can abandon the “transfer” function in the expression of the function of the name right.When the name transfer decision is made,it can be considered that the enterprise has voluntarily waived the personal interest of the name,and its entry into the trading field should not be considered as a breach of the personality right.