从巴尔干地区到欧洲:马其顿问题的起源研究

From the Balkans to Europe: A Study on the Origin of the Macedonian Issue(1878-1903)

马其顿问题的起源可以追溯至1878年《圣斯特凡诺条约》对马其顿命运做出的初始安排。在该条约签订后的1/4世纪里,巴尔干主要国家保加利亚、希腊和塞尔维亚通过多种途径,对马其顿地区提出各自的主权声索。上述三国对马其顿地区的激烈争夺,加上欧洲民族主义思潮的影响,共同促进了马其顿民族主义的觉醒。在宣传民族主义过程中建立起来的马其顿革命组织利用巴尔干国家谋求区域霸权的机会,频繁地发动武装起义,最终迫使长期以来置身事外的欧洲列强的态度发生根本性的转变。1903年奥俄“维也纳计划”出台,马其顿问题正式升级为一个全欧洲性的问题。

The origin of the Macedonian Issue can be traced back to The Treaty of San Stefano in 1878,which made the initial arrangements for the fate of Macedonia.In the following 25 years,the Balkan countries,mainly including Bulgaria,Greece and Serbia,began to raise their sovereignty claims respectively to Macedonia through various approaches.The fierce competition for Macedonia among the three countries,as well as the influence of the trends of the European nationalist ideology,jointly promoted the awakening of the Macedonian nationalism.The Macedonian revolutionary organizations which were founded in the process of propagandizing the nationalism frequently launched the armed uprisings by taking the advantage of the Balkan countries seeking for the regional hegemony.This eventually forced a fundamental shift in the attitude of the European powers which had long remained the policy of nonintervention.In 1903,‘the Vienna Scheme’was introduced by Austria and Russia.Accordingly,the Macedonian Issue was officially upgraded to a Europe-wide matter.