广东中山传统民居营造技艺初探

Construction Techniques of Vernacular Architecture in Zhongshan City,Guangdong Province:A Preliminary Study

文章综合中山市的地理、方言、民系和行政区划等因素,推测其可能存在不同的文化分区及其对应的建筑营造方式;通过选择样本进行实地测绘和调研,并与工匠口述的营造方法进行比较,得出该地区传统民居可归纳为3种原型:两墙一房、三墙两房和四墙三房,以及8种衍生型。文章对当地工匠口头使用的营造术语进行了分类梳理;在营造技术方面对营造尺、尺度控制、砖作、瓦作、小木作等内容进行了初步分析;并对后高和后长、破中禁忌、祭祖空间、数字禁忌等营造习俗做了整理。通过上述调研,初步明确了中山地区传统民居的典型类型及其分布状况,尝试搭建其营造技术和营造习俗体系的基本框架。研究结果可供中山传统民居的保护和修缮项目参考,也为后续对当地宗祠和碉楼的研究积累了材料。

This article synthesises factors in geography, dialects, sub-ethnic groups, and administrative divisions in Zhongshan City and infers the likely existence of divisions of different cultures and their respective methods of construction. Through on-site surveys and investigations of selected samples and comparisons with construction methods described by craftsmen, it identifies three prototypes of traditional houses in the city-two-walls-oneroom, three-walls-two-rooms, and four-wallsthree- rooms-as well as eight derivatives of these three prototypes. In addition, construction terms described by craftsmen are classified, and construction techniques, such as standard rulers, scale control, masonry, tiling, and joinery work, are analysed. Moreover, construction customs, such as the heights of buildings, taboos on the axis of buildings, the space for ancestral worship, and taboos on numbers, are reorganised and summarised. As a result of these investigations and analyses, typical types of vernacular dwellings and their distribution in Zhongshan are clarified, and an attempt is made to form a basic framework of constructional technologies, customs and taboos in the area. The findings from this research offer a reference for the protection and restoration of traditional architecture as well as for future studies of ancestral halls and diaolous (blockhouses) of Zhongshan.