论公司法定代表人的制度功能与定位修正

System Function and Positioning Correction of the Legal Representative of Corporation

公司法定代表人制度包含对代表行为的理解与代表人选任模式两个方面.对代表行为的理解,只能在“代理说”与代理规则体系中展开.以“代表说”与“代理说”体现出来的纯粹民法学解释选择的区分不能引出实证法层面的不同价值判断.经登记公示并享有概括代理权的法定代表人在维护交易安全、提升交易效率方面具有明显优势,是为其制度价值所在.代表人的法定独任制是我国经济体制转轨时期的余音,其功能在于降低委托代理成本,而非提升交易安全与交易效率.当《公司法》外的治理因素淡出公司之后,法定独任制已无存续价值,公司代表人应由“权责核心”回归到“意思表示担当者”的角色,我国宜改采以代表董事为默认规则、以共同代表为例外的代表人选任模式。

The representative system of corporation contains two aspects: the understanding of representative behavior and the model of representative selection. The first aspect can only be carried out through "agent theory" and agency rules. The distinction between "representative theory" and "agent theory" is civil law theoretical interpretation choices, which cannot lead to different value judgments in positive law. The legal representative who is registered and notified in public enjoys general agency. This has many advantages such as maintaining transaction security and improving transaction efficiency, which is the value of the system itself. The sole legal representative is a remnant of the transition period of the economic system. Its function is to reduce the cost of agency and commission, rather than to improve transaction security and transaction efficiency. When the governance factors come from outside fade out corporations, the sole legal representative stands no value of existence, and the representative system should return from "core of powers and responsibilities" to "person of declaration of will". Representative directors should be the representative of corporations by default, unless corporations adopt an exceptional rule of co-representative.