大理洱海流域龙神信仰体系的人类学透视

An Anthropological Perspective on the Belief System of Water Gods in Erhai Areas of Dali

大理坝子位于云贵高原,是一个典型的内陆断陷盆地,苍山十八溪由山涧流向平原,最终汇入洱海,又有始于洱源的弥苴河、罗时江、永安江及凤仪的波罗江等水量充沛的大河滚滚而来,使得大理自古便有“水乡泽国”之称。雨水沛则龙蟒生,大理地区龙神信仰众多,大都散布于洱海流域的不同地方,形成于不同的历史背景,其世俗传说和宗教功能自然也各不相同。为了方便论述,在田野调查的基础上,结合相关文献和民间资料,将龙神分为广义的“龙”崇拜基础之上的龙神、狭义的水神及“洱水之神”三类,厘清它们在整个洱海龙神信仰体系中所对应的位置。

Dali, located in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, is a typical inland faulted basin. The mountain streams flow to the plain in 18 creeks, then into the Erhai lake. In the meantime, there are rivers such as Miju River, Luoshi River and Yong'an River from Eryuan county and Boluo River from Fengyi flowing into the Erhai lake, which has made Dali a waterland since ancient times. Abundant water resources has bred numerous water creatures, and in different historical backgrounds, people have created various images of Water Gods in the areas of the Erhai lake basin, with different legends and religious functions. On the basis of field research, and combining relevant literature and folk data, the present paper divides Water Gods into three categories, i.e. Dragon God in a broad sense of dragon worship, Water God in a narrow sense and the God of Erhai, and tries to figure out their corresponding positions in the entire belief system of Water Gods in the Erhai areas.