考虑碰撞与黏滑的小天体表面软着陆模型与轨迹设计

Impact and stick-slip dynamics in the soft-landing on minor celestial bodies

在考虑碰撞与黏滑效应的情况下,针对小天体表面软着陆过程进行了研究.首先采用多面体模型分析了小天体表面的不规则外形与地形地貌.采用软球离散元模型填充多面体模型及覆盖多面体模型表面的方法来模拟不规则小天体的不规则几何外形、引力环境、表面碰撞与弹跳等.分别考虑了无效软着陆和软着陆成功两种不同情形下的着陆器动力学参数计算结果,分析了达到预定软着陆区域和未达到预定软着陆区域的算例的不同.研究表明,小天体表面软着陆的核心问题则是碰撞弹跳与黏滑效应.如果软着陆初始条件选取不佳,着陆器可能弹跳后继续形成环绕轨道运动、或者未弹跳直接形成平衡点附近的拟周期轨道、或者最终着陆区域远离预定软着陆区域而导致任务失败.小天体表面软着陆应尽量选择非赤道面、平坦区域或凹区域进行软着陆.

The soft-landing on the surface of minor celestial bodies has been investigated with considering the impact and stick-slip effect. The polyhedron model is used to analyze the irregular shape and topography and geomorphology of minor celestial bodies. The soft-sphere discrete element method is used to fill the irregular minor celestial body's polyhedron model and cover the surface of the body;and then the irregular shape, the gravitational environment, as well as the impact and hopping with the surface can be calculated precisely. The dynamical parameters of failed soft-landing and successful soft-landing are calculated and analyzed. In the cases of successful soft-landing, there are two obviously different kinds: firstly, the final position of the lander is near the target position;secondly, the final position of the lander is far from the target position. The diflerence of these two kinds of results is discussed. This research shows the major dynamical behavior of soft-landing on minor celestial bodies includes impact, hopping, as well as stick-slip effect. If the initial positions of soft-landing are improper chosen, the lander may become orbital motion around minor celestial body after one or more impact and hopping, or turn to quasi-periodic motion around equilibrium points without impact, or perhaps be static far from the initial position after several times of impact and hopping and leads to the failure of the deep space mission. For the successful soft-landing process, after several times of landings on the surface during the softlanding process, the lander will finally settle on the surface of the minor celestial body. The results show that the softlanding region should be selected as a flat area or concave region, which is far from the equatorial plane of the minor celestial bodies.