张謇与汉冶萍公司——兼论张謇的日本认识

Zhang Jian and Hanyeping Company——a Glance on Zhang Jian’s Understanding of Japan

辛亥革命期间,为谋求日本的借款,孙中山及南京临时政府欲与日本合办汉冶萍公司。张謇坚决反对,认为铁业关系到中国与日本国力的兴衰;中国铁矿资源丰富,而日本铁矿资源缺乏,临时政府不能为区区数百万借款就将汉冶萍拱手交与日本,这将会给中国铁业的发展造成无穷的困难,同时正中其长期控制汉冶萍的阴谋。在张謇等人的坚决反对下,孙中山及临时政府被迫取消了中日合办汉冶萍案。袁世凯统治时期,汉冶萍公司因资金困难向日本提出1500万元的大借款。因公司所负日债甚重,且借款关涉到汉冶萍的独立发展,作为北京政府农商总长的张謇加以干预,严重影响到借款的顺利实施。日本轮番施压,迫使北京政府承认了借款。为挽救和维持汉冶萍公司,张謇向袁世凯及北京政府提出通过官商合办,最后达到"国有"的目标。由于北京政府财政困窘,无法提供"国有"汉冶萍的资金,同时还会遭到日本的严重阻挠,张謇良好的愿望最终无法实现。张謇设法保护汉冶萍保护实业的责任感是主要原因,同时棉铁主义的影响和对日本的高度警惕是重要因素。

During the Xinhai Revolution, in the interest of seeking Japanese loans, Sun Yat-sen and the Nanjing Provisional Government wanted to make Hanyeping company a joint venture with Japan. Zhang Jian expressed firm opposition, arguing that iron industry was related to the rise and fall between China and Japan. China had abundant iron ore resources, while Japan not. The government couldn’t fall into the Japanese plot of controlling China’s iron industry and hand over the company to Japan, or it would cause endless troubles to local industry. With Zhang Jian’s effort, Sun Yat-sen and the provisional government had to cancel the case. During the reign of Yuan Shikai, the company raised a large loan of 15 million yuan from Japan due to financial difficulties, which impaired company’s independency. Zhang Jian tried to intervene in the hope of keeping the company under state control, which seriously affected implementation of the loan. However, under Japanese pressure, his good wish could not be realized due to the financial situation of the Beijing government which could not provide sufficient state funds for Hanyuping. Zhang Jian’s efforts to protect the Hanyeping showed a strong sense of self-reliance in industry and high vigilance against Japanese economic aggression.