朱熹“异端”观探微

Zhu Xi’s Heretical View

朱熹的“异端”观立足于宋代学术重建的历史境遇,它以申韩、杨墨、佛老为儒学“异端”,强调佛老为当时主要异端,批判佛老虚空寂灭,丧失对儒家人伦的躬行践履。同时,朱熹认为要排斥“异端”就要返经,返经即阐发儒家正理,阐发儒家正理则“异端”自灭。朱熹认为危害最大的并非“异端”,而是吸纳“异端”的杂学,以其似是而非的理论与社会地位而诱导世人沦于“异端”,由此他批判二苏、张九成、吕本中等。朱熹所谓“异端”以杨墨转为佛老为主,进而又批判杂学,体现儒学“异端”观的流变与转向,以及理学体系建立后,其思想领域的主要矛盾由儒学与佛老逐步转向儒学内部。批判“异端”,对朱熹哲学体系的建构,也有重要意义。

Zhu Xi’s"heretical"view is based on the historical situation of academic reconstruction in the Song Dynasty.It takes Shen Han,Yang Mo,Buddhism and Taoist as the"heresy"of Confucianism,with Buddhism as the main heresy,criticizing the emptiness of Buddhism and its failure in practicing human relations of Confucianism.At the same time,Zhu Xi believe that to return to the classics is to return to the"heresy",to elucidate Confucianism and to explain the Confucian righteousness,only in which way can heresy be eradicated.Zhu Xi believe that the most harmful is not heresy,but the miscellaneous learning.With its plausible theory and social status,the miscellaneous learning induces the world to be heretical.Thus Zhu Xi criticize Su shi,Su zhe,Zhang Jiu-cheng and Lu Ben-zhong.Zhu Xi’s so-called"heresy"is mainly based on Yang Mo,and then criticized miscellaneous studies,embodying the evolution and turn of Confucianism’s heretical view.After the establishment of Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism system,the main contradiction in his ideological field is gradually turned from Confucianism and Buddhism to Confucianism itself.Criticizing"heresy"was also of great significance to the construction of Zhu Xi’s philosophical system.