四川王朗自然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种多样性的海拔梯度

Altitudinal gradient of ant species diversity of Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent area in Sichuan Province

为揭示四川省蚂蚁多样性规律,采用样地调查法研究了王朗自然保护区及邻近地区的蚂蚁物种多样性.观察蚂蚁27788头,经鉴定,隶属于5亚科、37属、77种.蚂蚁群落主要指标为:物种数1~30种(平均12.7种),个体密度0.2~1332.4头·m^-2(平均316.3头·m^-2),多样性指数0.0000~2.2198(平均1.2231),均匀度指数0.0248~0.9996(平均0.5508),优势度指数0.1392~1.0000(平均0.3836).不同海拔蚂蚁群落间相似性系数在0.0000~0.5526之间,处于极不相似至中等相似水平.总体来看蚂蚁群落的物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数呈现随海拔升高而降低的趋势,同时存在多域效应现象.王朗自然保护区及邻近地区垂直带高差达2920m,栖息着丰富的蚂蚁资源.纬度和海拔共同影响蚂蚁物种的丰富度,气温决定植被的垂直分布,植被类型进一步影响蚂蚁物种的垂直分布,森林结构和人类干扰对蚂蚁群落有重要影响.除了自然保护区保护工作,应结合天然林保护工程,对自然保护区外的蚂蚁多样性进行保护,充分发挥蚂蚁的生态功能.

In order to reveal the ant diversity pattern in Sichuan Province, ant communities from Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent areas were surveyed by sample-plot method. A total of 27 788 individuals were observed, which came from 77 species, 5 subfamilies and 37 genera. There were about 1-30 species in each ant community, averaging at 12.7, with individual densities ranging between 0.2-1 332.4 heads·m^-2 (average 316.3 heads·m^-2 ). Diversity index, evenness index, and dominant index varied between 0.000 0-2.219 8 (average 1.223 1), 0.024 8-0.999 6 (average 0.550 8), and 0.139 2-1.000 0 (average 0.383 6), respectively. Similarity coefficients between ant communities from different altitudes were 0.000 0-0.552 6, representing a extremely dissimilar to moderately similar level. In general, species numbers, individual densities and diversity indexes decreased with rising altitude, demonstrating a multi-domain effect phenomenon. With a vast altitude difference of 2 920 m in Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent areas, latitude and altitude jointly affected the richness of ant species. Temperature influenced the vertical distribution of vegetation, further the vertical distribution of ant species. Meanwhile, forest structure and human disturbance exert important effect on ant communities. Apart from the primary function of nature reserve, it is necessary to protect ant diversity outside nature reserve combing with natural forest protection project, so as to fully exercise the ecosystem function of the ants.