“山厂”与“山场”辨析——以明代易州山厂为中心的考释

A Discrimination Between the Mountain-Factory and the Mountain-Workshop——Research of the Yizhou Mountain-Factory in the Ming Dynasty

有明一代,山厂与山场权职分明。山厂可以分为部厂和各府州山厂。部厂为工部分治部堂所在的山厂,是山厂最高长官的行政场所。与此同时,部厂与各府州山厂也有相同之处,即都可以收贮、转运柴炭。山厂的柴炭直接来源于分散各地的山场。山场服务于山厂,是直接具体负责采烧柴炭的机构,主要设立于山林茂盛的地方,有一定的人为划定的范围,数量较之山厂为多。因一定地域内林木资源有限,山场兴废迁移的周期较之山厂为短。山场采烧的柴炭会输送到山厂中,再由山厂最高长官统一押送至北京城惜薪司收贮,以供皇家使用。

The authority between the Mountain-Factory and the Mountain-Workshop was very clear in the Ming Dynasty. The Mountain-Factory could be divided into headquarters and divisions. The headquarters was the administrative place for the supreme chief who worked for the Mountain-Factory. The authority of storing and transporting firewood and charcoal were shared for headquarters and divisions. The firewood and charcoal stored in the Mountain-Factory directly came from the Mountain-Workshop. The Mountain-Workshop was the agency producing firewood and charcoal, setting in the places where growing lush forest trees. The Mountain-Workshop not only has clear boundary, but also has a considerable amount. For the forest resources were limited within a certain area. The migration cycle of the Mountain-Workshop was shorter than the Mountain-Factory. The firewood and charcoal produced by the Mountain-Workshop would be transported to the Mountain-Factory, immediately after transported to the capital for the royal court.