长三角地区汽车制造业发展效率演化研究

The Evolution of Development Efficiency of Automobile Industry in Yangtze River Delta

在全要素生产率(TFP)框架下运用DEA-Malmquist模型方法测度长三角地区41个城市汽车制造业发展的技术效率与规模效率,分析2013-2017年汽车制造业静态与动态发展效率的时空演变。研究发现:(1)长三角地区汽车制造业综合技术效率总体偏低,未能挖掘已有生产要素的潜力,处于规模不经济状态,纯技术效率对综合技术效率的影响大于规模效率;41个城市汽车制造业技术效率的空间演变测度可知综合效率数值小于0.600的城市共17个,产业发展潜力较大;非DEA有效城市普遍存在要素投入冗余、效益产出不足情形,调整投入产出要素比是长三角地区汽车制造业提升效率的主要路径。(2)长三角地区汽车制造业Malmquist效率指数测算表明综合效率与技术效率变化数值大于1,年均增长率为6.00%和4.00%,其中2017年达9.50%和9.60%,但规模效率以2.40%的速度降低影响全要素生产率提高;研究期内全要素生产率变化的城际差异显著,技术效率变化的城际差距逐渐增大,TFP变化的城际差距先减小后增大。

Using the DEA-Malmquist index model under the framework of total factor productivity (TFP), the technical efficiency and scale efficiency of the development of automobile industry in 41 cities of Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is measured and the spatial-temporal evolution of static and dynamic development efficiency from 2013 to 2017 is analyzed. Study shows:(1) the overall technical efficiency of automobile industry in YRD is low, which fails to fully tap the potential of existing production elements and is in the state of diseconomy of scale. The impact of pure technical efficiency has greater effect on overall efficiency than that of scale efficiency. In terms of spatial evolution, the number of cities whose technical efficiency value is less than 0.600 reaches 17, indicating the automobile industry of these cities has great potential for future development. Analysis of non-DEA effective cities showed that there exists redundancy of factor input and insufficiency of benefit output generally, adjusting the ratio of input-output factors is the main way for speeding up the development of automobile industry in YRD.(2) The Malmquist efficiency index of automobile industry in YRD shows the change value between comprehensive efficiency and technical efficiency is greater than 1, with an annual growth rate of 6.00% and 4.00%, respectively, which reached 9.50% and 9.60% in 2017. However, the decrease of scale efficiency at the rate of 2.40% affects the improvement of total factor productivity. Significant differences exist in total factor productivity between cities during the study period and the gap of changes in technical efficiency increases gradually, while the gap of changes in TFP decreases firstly and then increases.