王阳明的“后三变”之终变——兼论王门后学分化的根本原因

The Later Three Changes Last Teaching with The Primary Cause of Wang-School Philosophy’s Division

阳明殁后,王门后学的分化实际上来自于弟子们对其教法理解的偏差。阳明的教法应为“知行合一——静坐——诚意——正心”之四变,而以先天正心之学为其终教。但这种教法过于高妙玄远,因而阳明补充了后天诚意之说,形成定法之下的权法。定法与权法统一于阳明晚年的致良知教中。阳明生前未及详细阐发致良知,以致后来王门弟子各执一边,形成了自本体而言工夫和自工夫而言本体的二重趋向。

After Wang Yangming's death, the differentiation of Wang-School Philosophy actually came from the students' misunderstanding of his teaching methods. Wang's teaching method has evolued four stages:"the unity of theory and practice, stillness, sincerity of the will and 'Zhengxin' which means the integration with the outside world", and "innate Zhengxin" was treated as his final teaching method. But this kind of teaching method was too abstract, so Wang Yangming supplemented the teaching of sincerity of the will, which formed the flexible teaching under final teaching. Both of them were unified in one theory to intuitive knowledge in Yangming's later years. He didn't elaborated on the theory of to intuitive knowledge before his death, which made his students hold each side later, thus formed dual trend of paying attention to noumenon and practice.