中外青少年体质健康测评体系对比研究

A Comparison on the Assessment Systems of Physical Fitness for Adolescents in China and Other Countries or Regions

通过分析当前青少年体质健康问题,对中国、美国、欧洲、加拿大和日本等国家和地区青少年体质健康测评体系的历史、发展、内容和现状等进行梳理与对比研究。现状:1)青少年超重/肥胖、近视已成为严峻的全球性公共卫生问题,其发生率逐年上升且低龄化趋势明显,我国青少年耐力、力量和脊柱健康水平持续下降;2)相较于我国统一的学生体质健康测试体系,国外测评更加多样化,且不同时期的测评系统各不相同,政府、学校和社会机构多维联动促进青少年体质健康发展;3)各国青少年体质健康测评关注重点经历了“身体形态-身体素质与运动能力-兼顾机能-身体健康”的演变过程,目前国外测评体系侧重于身体素质全面提升与基本动作技能发展,以及久坐不动引发的各类青少年体质健康问题;4)新时期国外现行体质健康测评系统与互联网、移动终端结合,运用在线工具综合评估青少年体质健康状况;5)我国学生体质健康测试指标经过2次修订,测试内容由繁到简,顺应了青少年体质健康发展需要,但指标设置并未全面反映青少年体质健康水平,仍存在完善空间。问题:我国学生体质健康测试标准中,1)低年级缺乏力量指标,全学龄段力量指标设置不均衡,初中以上女生缺乏上肢力量测试指标;2)缺乏反映平衡能力的测试指标;3)1000m/800m长距离跑测试未能全面反映心肺适能;4)当前青少年脊柱形态不良问题日趋严重,但未能纳入测试评估范畴;5)忽视了青少年基本运动技能的发展。建议:1)力量方面,建议增加握力测试,耐力方面,建议用节奏卷腹测试替换仰卧起坐来评估腹部力量耐力,可将平板支撑测试作为选测项以评估核心力量;2)心肺适能方面,建议使用PACER(progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurancerun),即节律20m往返跑测试替换长距离跑;3)建议增加脊柱形态测试以评估青少年脊柱健康状况;4)建议增加闭眼单脚站立以评估青少年平衡能力;5)建议将反映基本运动技能的项目作为选测项,如单脚跳、滑行、接球、投掷、踢球等。

Learned the experience from the other countries or regions by comparing the history, development, content and present situation of the adolescent physical fitness assessment systems in China, United States, Europe, Canada and Japan. Current situation: 1) Overweight/obesity and myopia among adolescents have become serious public health problems globally. The inci-dence of the problems is increasing year by year and the trend of younger age is obvious. The endurance, strength, and spinal health of adolescents in China are declining continuously;2) Compared with Chinese physical fitness testing standards, the physical fitness assessment of adolescent in foreign countries is more diversified, and the government, schools and social organizations work together to promote the healthy development of adolescent’s physical fitness;3) The focus of the physical fitness assessment system in various countries has gone through the evolution process of“ body composition, physical fitness, athletic ability, taking into account function and physical health”. The foreign systems mainly focus on all kinds of physical fitness problems of adolescent, which caused by sedentariness. The assessments concentrate on the comprehensive improvement and development of basic motor skills for adolescent;4) Using the internet, mobile terminals and online assessment tools, the foreign physical fitness assessment systems evaluate adolescent’s physical fitness in the new era;5) The assessment index of students’ physical fitness in our country has been revised twice, and the contents are from complex to simple, which meets the needs of the development of teenagers’ physical fitness. But the index does not fully reflect the level of adolescent physical fitness, and there is still room for improvement. Problems: In Chinese student physical fitness test standards, 1) There is a lack of strength index in the lower grades, the strength index of the whole school age is not balanced, and the upper-body strength test index is lack for the girls above middle school;2) There is lack of index for reflecting the balance ability;3) The test of long distance running failed to fully reflect cardiopulmonary fitness;4) Insufficient attention was paid to the problem of spine morphology;5) Neglect the development of basic sports skills. Advices: 1) It is suggested to increase the grip strength test in all grades, and replace sit-ups with rhythmic belly roll test to evaluate abdominal strength endurance, as well as integrate the plank support test into the test system to evaluate core strength;2) PACER testing is recommended to replace long-distance running;3) It is recommended to increase the spine test to evaluate the shape of the spine;4) It is recommended to set one-foot standing with eyes closed to assess balance;5) It is suggested to set basic motor skills as options, such as one-foot jump, sliding, catching, throwing, kicking etc.