高强度间歇训练与儿童青少年健康促进的研究进展

Reviews on High-intensity Interval Training for Health Promotion in Children and Adolescents

体力活动对改善身体成分,提高心肺功能,降低心血管风险,促进脑成熟和提高认知功能非常重要,但只有很小一部分儿童青少年能达到WHO或ACSM推荐的每日最低活动量。高强度间歇运动(HIIT)对儿童青少年健康促进的作用值得探索,本文从急性和长期HIIT的健康促进效应2个方面综述了HIIT在儿童青少年健康促进中的应用。46篇文献中研究急性HIIT健康促进效应的共20项,其中17项显示急性HIIT对心血管健康和代谢水平具有积极效应,且效果优于运动量相当的有氧耐力运动(AEE),3项显示急性HIIT或高强度间歇性游戏类活动能改善认知功能;研究长期HIIT健康促进效应的共26项,其中15项研究指出基于校园开展的HIIT能改善健康儿童青少年心肺功能,优化体成分,改善血压;11项指出HIIT能改善超重或肥胖儿童青少年心肺功能和心血管代谢健康;26项研究中只有1项研究报道了HIIT能提高儿童青少年认知功能和心理健康。可见,HIIT是一种提高儿童青少年心血管代谢机能和认知功能的可行的、有效的运动干预方式,但是考虑到参与愉悦感、可接受性、控制饮食、日常体育活动等因素,HIIT的实施还需要进一步优化。此外,HIIT在不同性别、年龄、青春期状态和社会文化背景儿童青少年中的应用,还有待深入探索,而HIIT对儿童青少年脑成熟和认知功能影响的研究刚刚起步,还需要更多的研究。

Physical activity is vital to improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and reduce future cardiovascular disease risk and promote maturation of nervous system and cognitive function. However, only few children and adolescents can meet the minimum amount of daily exercise recommended by WHO and ACSM. The role of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in health promotion of children and adolescents is worth exploring. This paper reviewed the application of HIIT interventions in health promotion of children and adolescents from two aspects including the health promotion effect of acute HIIT, and the role of chronic HIIT training in management of children and adolescent health. 20 studies in the collected 46 papers investigated the health promotion effect of acute HIIT. And 17 studies indicated that acute HIIT could powerfully initiate series of cardio metabolic benefits with outcomes usually superior to a comparative bout of aerobic endurance exercise (AEE) while 3 studies showed that acute HIIT or HIIT-related game-based activity could potentially improve cognitive function. The remaining 26 studies investigated the effect of long-term HIIT on health promotion. And 15 studies pointed out that school-based HIIT was an effective way to promote cardio respiratory fitness and metabolic health, optimize body composition, and improve blood pressure of children and adolescents while other 11 studies also showed that HIIT could improve cardiorespiratory fitness and cardio metabolic health status in over-weight or obese children and adolescents. Only 1 study in all 26 collected papers reported positive effect of HIIT on improving cognitive function and mental health. It was proved that HIIT was a practical and effective intervention exercise to improve cardio metabolic health and cognitive function of children and adolescents. However, the implementation of HIIT still needs to be optimized in terms of the participant enjoyment,acceptability, food control and daily physical exercise, thus to induce a wider range of health benefits. And confounding variables like diet and physical activity also needs to be controlled. In addition, the application of HIIT in children and adolescents of different ages, sexes, pubertal status and sociocultural background is required in the future. And studies on the effect of HIIT on brain maturation and cognitive function has just started, which requires more researches.