广西优质高产柑橘水肥管理技术研究

Technologies of water and fertilizer management for high-quality and high-yield citrus in Guangxi

【目的】系统研究柑橘的需水肥规律,解决柑橘生产中存在的季节性干旱与过量施肥问题,为实现广西柑橘种植的高产优质提供技术指导。【方法】以柑橘田间试验为基础,水分管理设3个处理,即优化施肥不灌溉(A1)、优化施肥+柑橘生长水分不足时灌溉(A2)、水肥一体施肥管理(施肥量与优化施肥相同)(A3);肥料管理也设3个处理,即传统施肥(B1:氮肥以N含量计算设0.400kg/株,磷肥以P2O5计算设0.215kg/株,钾肥以K2O计算设0.333kg/株)、优化施肥(B2:氮肥0.360kg/株,磷肥0.080kg/株,钾肥0.300kg/株)、有机+无机肥(B3:氮肥0.360kg/株,磷肥0.080kg/株,钾肥0.300kg/株,有机养分占30%)。测定种植区不同质地、类型土壤在不同处理下的饱和持水量、有效水含量等特征。【结果】广西柑橘种植区1—12月平均降水量为21.5~211.3mm,但降水主要集中在5—9月,柑橘生产中存在季节性干旱问题;干旱胁迫对柑橘生产危害程度除与降水量紧密相关外,还与柑橘种植区的土壤类型、质地、有机质含量等因素紧密相关;优化施肥+灌溉和有机肥+无机肥处理的柑橘产量不仅比传统施肥处理增产30.85%~36.41%,且柑橘果品品质优于后者;同时,柑橘生长需水量为0.9~5.9mm/d,年均需水量为1187mm;另外,柑橘灌溉较缺乏灌溉条件处理增产25.38%~27.72%。【结论】优化施肥完全可替代传统施肥,水肥一体化管理更有助于解决春秋季干旱和缺水制约柑橘生产的问题,且有利于可实现柑橘高产和优质栽培。

【Objective】Water and fertilizer demand regulations of citrus were systematically studied to solve the problems of seasonal drought and excess fertilization in citrus planting and provide technical support for high-yield and highquality citrus production in Guangxi.【Method】Based on citrus field experiments,three irrigation managements were designed, including optimal fertilization without irrigation(A1),optimal fertilization+irrigation in dry seasons(A2),fertigation treatment(fertilization rate was the same with optimal fertilization rate)(A3). In addition,three fertilization treatments were set: traditional fertilization(B1,nitrogen fertilizer calculated with N content was set as 0.400 kg/plant,phosphorus fertilizer calculated with P2O5 was set as 0.215 kg/plant,potassium fertilizer calculated with K2O was set as 0.333 kg/plant),optimal fertilization(B2,N,P2O5 and K2O in rates of 0.360,0.080 and 0.300 kg/plant respectively)and organic and inorganic fertilizers(B3,N,P2O5 and K2O in rates of 0.360,0.080 and 0.300 kg/plant respectively,organic fertilizer accounted for 30%). Saturation moisture capacity and available water content of different texture soils in citrus planting areas were detected.【Result】The average precipitation in citrus planting area of Guangxi from January to December was 21.5 mm to 211.3 mm. However,the precipitation was mainly concentrated from May to September and seasonal drought problem was outstanding. The negative impact of drought stress to citrus production was not only closely related to precipitation,but also closely associated with soil types,textures and the contents of soil organic matter. The yields of citrus under B2 and B3 treatments were 30.85%-36.41% higher than that in B1 treatment,the quality of citrus in B2 and B3 treatments were also higher than that in B1 treatment. The water demands of citrus daily and annually were 0.9-5.9 mm/d and 1187 mm per year,respectively. The yields of citrus in irrigation treatments were 25.38%-27.72% higher than those without irrigation condition.【Conclusion】Optimal fertilization method can be used to replace the traditional fertilization, and the method of fertigation is more benefit to solve the problem of drought stress and short of water in spring and autumn,and is beneficial for the high-yield and high-quality cultivation of citrus.