清末民国中小学教科书编审制度评析

On the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic China’s Editing Systems of Primary and Secondary Schools’ Textbooks

清末民国中小学教科书编审制度经历了自由制(1902-1904)、模范制(1905-1911)、审定制(1912-1937)、模范制(1938-1943)和国定制(1943-1949)五个阶段。其中国定制和审定制各有利弊。审定制具有与国定制相反的有利于降低教科书价格、改进教科书质量、抵制统治者对教育的过度干预等优势,也具有与国定制相反的造成商业贿赂、模仿抄袭的行为以及不利于统一等弊端。相较而言,实行模范制则利多害少。

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,textbook compilation and review system experienced five stages: freedom (1902-1904),model (1905-1911),examination and approval (1912-1937),model (1938-1943) and state customization (1943-1949). The state customization and the examination and approval system has advantages and disadvantages of their own. The latter has the advantages of lowering textbooks prices,improving textbook quality,and resisting rulers’ excessive intervention in education despite its disadvantages like commercial bribery,imitation and plagiarism,and difficult uniformity. In comparison,the model system presents more advantages than disadvantages in implementation.