中国水电工程生态流量实践主要问题与发展方向

Practice of Ecological Flow of Hydropower Projects in China:Limitations and Trend

梳理了2001—2015年96个水电工程的生态流量数据,基于ArcGIS平台分析了工程时空分布特征,回顾分析了生态流量的落实情况,分析了生态流量计算方法、泄放方式、保障措施和监测措施的差异及其对保护坝下河段珍稀、濒危保护鱼类的生态效益;重点分析水电工程下泄生态流量的保障情况、目前存在的不足与改进措施。总结了中国水电工程下泄生态流量实践的主要问题,并从生态流量计算原则与流量过程线要求、梯级水库联合调度的考虑、加强河流生态修复中生态流量研究与实践等方面提出了未来的发展方向。

The ecological flow database of hydropower projects in China is built by analyzing the environmental impact assessment reports of 96 hydropower projects from 2001 to 2015 in aspects of project status, hydrological characteristics, fish status and ecological base flow using statistical method in association with ArcGIS platform. The differences in calculation method, spatial-temporal distribution, release type, guarantee measures and monitoring measures of ecological flow before and after the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline 2006 were examined, and the ecological benefits of such differences for endangered fish protection in the downstream of dam were analyzed. Moreover, the effectiveness of guaranteeing the ecological flow after the implementation of Guideline 2006 is presented, and meanwhile, shortcomings and countermeasures are expounded as well. In conclusion, the major limits of ecological flow practice of hydropower project in China are summarized, and future development trend is put forward respecting the calculation principle, flow process demand, joint dispatching of cascade reservoirs, and research on ecological restoration.