清初至民国时期的四川边茶贸易及运输

Frontier Tea Trade and Transportation in Sichuan from the Early Qing Dynasty to the Republican China

位于四川盆地西部和青藏高原东部边缘之间的雅安、名山、天全、荥经、邛崃、灌县、崇庆、平武等县,是销藏茶叶的重要产地。自宋代茶马贸易重心从西北南移到四川以来,四川边茶的产量不断增长。但限于川藏间道路的险峻遥远,以及奔腾汹涌的大渡河的阻隔,川边茶的贸易一直圉于大渡河以西的雅、黎、碉门、岩州一带,均为藏民前来买茶而后运往藏地销售。清康熙三十九年(1700年)"西炉之役"后,清政府将雅砻江以东地区纳入直接统治之下,特别是1702年泸定桥的修建,打通了雅安至打箭炉(康定)的通道,作为川边茶贸易重要集散地的打箭炉也由此兴盛。自1700年清兵占领打箭炉至1950年代初雅安到康定的公路开通,开启了汉藏结合的茶叶运输历史,即由汉人背夫自雅安背茶到打箭炉,再经打箭炉由藏人用骡牛驮茶入藏的,长达250年之久的藏茶之路新历程。

Counties located between the western Sichuan Basin and the eastern edge of the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau,such as Ya’an,Mingshan, Tianquan, Yingjing, Qionglai, Guanxian, Chongqing and Pingwu,were the major producers of tea sold to Tibet. Since tea-horse trade center moved from northwestern China to Sichuan in the south in the Song Dynasty,Sichuan kept increasing its tea output for frontier trade. However,due to the steep and remote roads between Sichuan and Tibet and the forbidding Dadu River(rgyal rong rgyal mo rngul chu in Tibetan),frontier tea trade in Sichuan never expanded beyond Yazhou,Lizhou,Diaomen and Yanzhou,where Tibetans bought tea and transported it to Tibet. After the Xilu War (1699-1701),the Qing government put the area east of the Yalong River (nyag-chu)under its direct control. With the Luding Bridge completed in 1702,a passage from Ya’an to Dajianlu(Kangding or Dar-rtse-mdo in Tibetan)was opened and Dajianlu began to flourish from then on as an important distributing center of the frontier tea trade in Sichuan. From the occupation of Dajianlu by the Qing army in 1700 to the opening of the Ya’an-Kangding Highway in 1950,the Han Chinese people and Tibetans together created a 250-year tea transportation history,in which the Han Chinese people carried tea from Ya’an to Dalujian and then the Tibetans would transport the tea to Tibet Tibetan tea road running from Ya’an via Dajianlu to Tibet existed for 250 years.