发展的两个尺度——麦克斯-尼夫“以人为尺度的发展”理论述评与扩展

Two Scales of Development: Comments on Max-Neef’s "The Human-Scale Development Theory"

许多发展中国家都采取了“增长优先”(经济增长优先,延缓、弱化或压抑其他领域的发展)的发展路径。围绕“增长优先”的发展路径和“同步发展”(经济、政治、社会、文化各领域同步、协调发展)的路径问题,学者们展开了争辩。在这一争论中,麦克斯-尼夫的“以人为尺度的发展”理论因提供了第三种解决方案而独树一帜。本文对他的这一理论进行了述评,并揭示了该理论的局限性。文章认为,要克服“以人为尺度的发展”理论的局限,必须同时提出“以正义为尺度的发展”。“以正义为尺度的发展”不是对“以人为尺度的发展”的替代,而是对它的补充。

Quite a few developing countries have adopted the policy of “giving priority to growth,” i.e.,economic growth has been given policy priority,and the development of other areas has been overlooked and postponed.However,this development model is questioned by more and more scholars.There have been debates over the issue of whether a policy of “giving priority to growth” or a policy of “synergic development” should be adopted by a developing country.Among others,Max-Neef’s “the Human-Scale Development Theory” appears to be a third solution to these debates.In this paper the author introduces to and comments on Max-Neef’s theory.It is argued that his theory is also flawed and needs to be compensated by another scale,i.e.,the scale of justice.The viewpoint of “the development in terms of the scale of justice” is compensation to the “human-scale development theory,” rather than a substitution of it.