民法典编纂中的土地权利体系再构造——“三权分置”理论的逻辑展开

The Reconstruction of Land Right System in the Codification of Civil Code:From the Perspective of "Separation of Land Rights" Theory

物权权利体系的核心是不动产物权体系,而不动产物权体系的重点则是土地权利体系。基于对民法典的外在体系与内在体系的认知,我国现行《物权法》中关于土地权利体系的规定尚需进一步完善才能够纳入民法典物权编。本文提出将土地权利体系作为一个独立的物权体系进行构建,应当将土地权利划分为三阶层:土地所有权——土地使用权——土地用益物权与土地担保物权;并在此基础上,应用“三权分置”的基本原理重新构建现有的土地使用权制度。

This paper is devoted to a macroscopic study of the system of real property compiled in the Civil Code. The core of property system is the real property system, while the focus of the real property system is the land right system. Based on the cognition of the external and internal systems of the Civil Code, the land right system in the current property law of China needs to be further improved before it can be incorporated into the property law part of the Civil Code. The article first puts forward the theory of constructing the land right system as an independent property right system. On this basis, land rights should be divided into three levels, namely, land ownership-land use right-land usufructuary right and land security right. Therefore, the basic principle of “separation of land rights” is applied to reconstruct the current land use right system.