从言语交互功能分析语气助词——以维吾尔语?u和汉语“呢”的比较为例

The Mood Particles Study Based on Inter-subjectivity——Comparison between Uygur ?u and Chinese ne

维吾尔语语气助词ˇcu与发话者、命题、听话者之间有如下关系,主观性:ˇcu既可以表确定(用于陈述句、祈使句),也可以表探究(用于话题问句);交互主观性:ˇcu在各种句式中的交互主观性一致,其中交互性:发话者通过ˇcu得到听话者的关注,并请听话者予以回应;礼貌性:发话者通过ˇcu表亲近、随意语气,不适合用于严肃场合。由于ˇcu在主观性上不一致,而交互主观性是一致的,因此,可以推断“交互主观性”是ˇcu的原型功能。此外,汉语相近语气助词“呢”和维吾尔语ˇcu的句式使用条件不完全相同,延伸功能也有区别。

The Uyghur modal particle cu has the following relationship with speaker, proposition, and listener. The first one is subjectivity, that is cu can express either certainty in declarative sentence, imperative sentence or inquiry in topic-only question sentence;the second one is inter-subjectivity that is cu is consistent in inter-subjectivity, which can be subdivided into interactivity and politeness, the speaker draws the listener' s attention and requires the listener to respond by cu (interactivity), the speaker expresses intimate mood which is not suitable for serious occasions by cu ( politeness), so it can be inferred that "inter-subjectivity" is the prototype function of cu. In addition, the Chinese mood particle ne has similar function with cu, but the sentence restriction is not exactly the same, and the extension function is different as well.