论明中后期女真商品结构的变化

The Change and Historical Influence of Commodity Structure of Jurchen in Middle and Later Stage of Ming Dynasty

明中后期,随着辽东马市贸易中官市的破坏、辽东马政的败坏,以及女真马匹饲养的变化、马匹禁售等一系列因素的共同影响,女真的马匹输出大为减少,而人参、貂皮等产品的输出量随着社会需求的扩大、边境民间贸易和女真渔猎采集产业的发展增加,以人参和貂皮为主的渔猎采集产品最终取代马匹成为女真商品结构的主体和女真最重要的利源。这一变化深刻地影响着女真的经济发展和社会变革。

In the middle and later stage of Ming Dynasty,simultaneously influenced by a series of factors such as the damage of the official horse trading in Liaodong and the horse policy as well as the transformation of horse feeding and prohibition of horse sales,the horse output from Jurchen was greatly reduced while the output of ginseng,marten and other products was expanded due to the increase of social demand,private trades at the border and the development of fishery,hunting and gathering industries of Jurchen. Eventually,products produced by fishery,hunting and gathering industries,represented by ginseng and marten,became the subjects in Jurchen’s commodity structure and the most important source of wealth for Jurchen. This change greatly influences the economic development and social reform of Jurchen in the middle and later stage of Ming Dynasty.