日本地域性社会教育的定位及特质——基于对长野县饭田市社会教育实践的调查

The Orientation and Traits of Japanese Regional Social Education——Based on the Investigation of the Social Education Practice in Iida City, Nagano Prefecture of Japan

日本的社会教育概念是个发展着的地域性概念。当前它被更多地定义为援助、组织地域居民进行自我教育活动的实践形式。日本长野县饭田市开展的社会教育实践活动,呈现了日本社会教育实践的多层次构造,并从中可以分析出日本社会教育的定位与特质。基于北海道大学等学者关于日本地域性社会教育实践构造的思想,明确日本社会教育实践的特点是“为了地域社会”“通过地域社会”以及“与地域社会一起”,而将三者统一则是日本社会教育的定位。这一定位表明,日本社会教育是一种教养性教育,不为经济、产业或就业,只为文化教养提升,侧重提升公民教养;日本社会教育是一种教育自治意识教育,倡导“自我教育、相互教育才是社会教育本质”的社会教育观;日本社会教育是一种“地域社会”教育,构建居民对于地域社会建设的“共同体”意识。这种社会教育的特质,一是基层治理性,日本的社会教育最终指向的是社会层面的重构与治理;二是依法治教性,体现了政府对于社会教育法制化建设的重视;三是全面参与性,其社会教育是自下而上的多元主体共同参与;四是独立自主性,包括教育行政的独立性、公民馆的自立性。日本社会教育实践为我国社区教育建设提供了有益的参考和启示。

Japanese concept of social education is a developing concept of regionalism.At present,it is more defined as a practical form of assisting and organizing geographical residents to carry out self-education activities.The social education practical activities carried out in Iida city,Nagano prefecture of Japan,present the multi-level structure of Japanese social education practice,from which the orientation and characteristics of Japanese social education can be analyzed.Based on the ideas of scholars in Hokkaido University on the construction of Japanese regional social education practice,it is clear that the traits of Japanese social education practice are“for regional society”,“through regional society”and“together with regional society”.The unification of the three is the positioning of Japanese social education.This position shows that Japanese social education is a kind of education,not for the economy,industry,or employment,but only for the promotion of cultural education,focusing on the promotion of civic education;Japanese social education is a kind of educational autonomy consciousness education,advocating the concept of social education that“self-education and mutual education are the essence of social education”;Japanese social education is a kind of“regional society”education,and it constructs the“community” consciousness of residents for the construction of regional society.One of the traits of this kind of social education is grassroots governance.Japanese social education eventually points to the reconstruction and governance of the social level.The second is the law-based education,which reflects the government’s emphasis on the legal construction of social education.The third is full participation,and its social education is the participation of multiple subjects from the bottom up.The fourth is independent autonomy,including the independence of education administration and the independence of the community center.Japanese social education practice provides useful reference and enlightenment for the construction of community education in China.