西夏晚期黑水城地区寺院经济研究——基于出土西夏文契约文书的考察

Research on Monastery Economy in Heishui Area in Late Tangut Dynasty——Based on the Investigation of the Unearthed Tangut Contract Documents

黑水城地区出土了一批西夏时期的经济文书,其中存有西夏天庆甲寅年(1194)正月至二月间,当地同一寺院与附近农户签立的契约文书,内容包括粮食借贷、土地买卖及牲畜租赁等。通过文书内容分析,笔者认为西夏后期,黑水城周边已形成寺院为主导的农村市场。在被主导的市场中,农民与寺院在土地、牲畜交易中地位极不平等,并受到寺院经济剥削。同时,僧俗之间经济关系失衡造成当地农村权力平衡被打破,进一步加剧了土地兼并及水资源争夺。加之十二世纪后半期气候变迁,本区域内自然条件不断恶化,兼具多重角色的寺院深刻地影响了西夏晚期黑水城地区的农村经济社会。

A number of Tangut economic documents in the Tangut period were unearthed in Heishui City, including the contract documents signed by the local temples and nearby farmers during the Tangut Tianqing Jiayin Year(1194) from January to February of the Lunar Calender, which included food lending, land sales and livestock leasing, etc. Through the analysis of the contents, the author believes that in the late Tangut Dynasty, the rural market dominated by the temple had been formed around the Pudu Temple in Heishui City. In the market that was dominated, the peasants were treated extremely unequally in economic transactions with the temple such as in that of the monastic land, and were economically exploited by the temples. Meanwhile, the imbalance of the economic relationship between the monks and the lay people caused the local power balance in the rural area to be broken, mainly in land annexation and competition for water resources. Coupled with the climate change in the second half of the 12th century, the natural conditions in this region had been deteriorating. The temples with multiple roles profoundly affected the rural economic society in Heishui City in the late Tangut Dynasty.