近代早期卡斯蒂利亚与加泰罗尼亚土地制度之比较

Comparison on Land System between Castilia and Catalonia in Early Modern Times

整个近代早期,卡斯蒂利亚地区都延续了自中世纪后期形成的以“贵族永久占有”和“限定继承”为特征的“大庄园制”,而在加泰罗尼亚,小块土地为土地占有的主要形式,土地所有权与使用权分离,两者皆可出售或长期租赁,“一茬租赁法”盛行。两地土地制度的差异导致了整个近代早期卡斯蒂利亚的农业生产关系始终未脱离封建领主制的范畴,而加泰罗尼亚地区则迅速实现了农业的资本主义化。自然地理、经济基础及历史因素等方面的不同是造成上述差异的主要原因。两地因土地制度的差异而导致的农业及整体经济发展水平的不平衡,甚至成为当今西班牙地方分离主义盛行的经济根源所在。

Throughout the early modern times, Castilia inherited “Latifundism” which was formed in the late Middle Ages characterized by “permanent possession of the aristocracy” and “entailment”, while in Catalonia, the main form of land possession was small plot, of which the land ownership and usage right were separated and can be both sold or leased for a long period and “Rabassa Morta” prevailed. The difference of land system between the two regions led to the fact that the agricultural production relationship of Castilia had not broken away from the feudal regime in the early modern times, while Catalonia promptly stepped on the road of Capitalist agriculture. Physical geography, economic foundation and historical factor are the main reasons of the land system difference between two regions. The imbalance between the agriculture and the whole economic development caused by the land system difference has even become the economic root of the prevalence of local separatism in Spain today.