微创经椎间孔入路腰椎间融合术治疗重度腰椎管狭窄症

Clinical evaluation of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for severe lumbar spinal stenosis

目的探讨微创经椎间孔入路腰椎间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF)治疗单节段重度腰椎管狭窄症(lumbar spinal stenosis,LSS)的临床结果和并发症防治。方法回顾分析2010年1月-2017年1月行MIS-TLIF治疗且资料完整的112例重度LSS患者临床资料。男43例,女69例;年龄52~81岁,平均65.3岁。病程4~126个月,平均10.5个月。临床表现:腰痛104例、双下肢神经性间歇性跛行91例、单侧神经根疼痛和/或麻木21例、马尾神经损伤症状5例。112例均为重度中央椎管狭窄,其中合并侧隐窝狭窄32例、椎间孔狭窄20例、黄韧带骨化9例、椎间盘突出38例;同时存在两项合并症者14例,三项者5例。椎管狭窄节段:L3、4 6例,L4、5 89例,L5、S1 17例。手术方法包括双侧入路双侧减压(60例)、单侧入路双侧减压(15例)和单侧减压(37例)。记录患者手术时间、术中出血量、腰腿痛疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、融合率和手术相关并发症情况。末次随访时采用Bridwell方法评价腰椎融合情况,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为融合。结果患者手术时间83~186 min,平均126.8 min;术中出血量65~630 mL,平均163.1 mL。112例患者均获随访,随访时间25~49个月,平均35.1个月。术后各时间点腰腿痛VAS评分和ODI评分均较术前显著改善(P<0.05);术后除1个月时腰痛VAS评分和ODI评分与其他时间点比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)外,其余各时间点间各评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时,术前5例马尾神经损伤有2例恢复,3例部分恢复。根据Bridwell椎间融合分级标准,Ⅰ级58例,Ⅱ级47例,Ⅲ级7例,融合率93.8%。围术期并发症:入路并发症5例(切口表浅感染3例、切口血肿形成2例),内植物并发症19例(术中终板骨折8例、末次随访时融合器下沉11例),神经并发症15例(术中硬膜囊撕裂10例、术后一过性下肢神经症状加重5例)。结论 MIS-TLIF治疗单节段重度LSS可获得良好临床结果,同时存在严重并发症风险。充分认识该疾病临床及影像学特点,合理仔细操作,有助于控制马尾神经损害发生。

Objective To investigate the clinical results and complication prevention of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(MIS-TLIF) in the treatment of single-segment severe lumbar spinal stenosis(LSS). Methods The clinical data of 112 patients with severe LSS treated with MIS-TLIF between January 2010 and January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 43 males and 69 females, aged 52-81 years, with an average age of 65.3 years. The disease duration ranged from 4 to 126 months, with an average of 10.5 months. Clinical manifestations:104 cases of low back pain, 91 cases of nervous intermittent claudication of both lower limbs, 21 cases of unilateral nerve root pain and/or numbness, and 5 cases of cauda equina nerve injury. The 112 cases were all severe central spinal stenosis,i ncluding 32 cases with lateral recess stenosis, 20 cases with foramen stenosis, 9 cases with ossification of ligamentum flavum, 38 cases with disc herniation;14 cases with two complications and 5 cases with three. Stenosis segment: L3,4 in 6 cases, L4,5 in 89 cases, and L5, S1 in 17 cases. Surgical methods included bilateral decompression through bilateral approach(60 cases), bilateral decompression through unilateral approach(15 cases), and unilateral decompression(37 cases). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, visual analogue scale(VAS) score of low back pain and leg pain,Oswestry disability index(ODI) score, fusion rate, and surgical complications were recorded. At last follow-up, the lumbar fusion was evaluated by Bridwell method, grades Ⅰ and Ⅱ were expressed as fusion. Results The operation time was 83-186 minutes(mean, 126.8 minutes), and the intraoperative blood loss was 65-630 mL(mean, 163.1 mL). All the112 patients were followed up 25-49 months, with an average of 35.1 months. The VAS score of low back pain and leg pain and ODI score at each time point after operation were significantly improved when compared with preoperative scores(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the VAS score of low back pain and leg pain and ODI score at the other time points except 1 month after operation(P<0.05). At last follow-up, 2 cases of cauda equina nerve injury recovered and 3 cases partially recovered. According to Bridwell classification criteria, 58 cases were grade Ⅰ, 47 cases were grade Ⅱ, and 7 cases were grade Ⅲ. The fusion rate was 93.8%. Perioperative complications included 5 cases of incision complications(superficial infection in 3 cases, hematoma formation in 2 cases), 19 cases of internal fixator complications(intraoperative end plate fracture in 8 cases, fusion cage sinking in 11 cases at last follow-up), and 15 cases of neurological complications(dural sac tear in 10 cases, transient neurological symptoms of lower extremities aggravated in 5 cases). Conclusion MIS-TLIF treatment of single-level severe LSS can achieve good clinical results, while there is a risk of serious complications. Full understanding of the clinical and imaging features of the disease and reasonable and careful operation are helpful to control the occurrence of cauda equina nerve damage.