土司政治与王朝治边:清初的云南土司及其治理

Tusi 土司 Politics and Dynasty Policy of the Frontier Areas: Yunnan Tusi and the Governance in the Early Qing Dynasty

顺治朝统一云南过程中对云南土司之“招抚”与“征讨”,是王朝更替形态中新势力与原有政治势力之间博弈策略的表现。云南纳入清朝治下后,如何实现西南的久安长治,是统治者思考土司政治的重要目标。在康熙二十年(1681)之前,清朝之土司政策,未形成相对稳定的机制,对土司以“招抚”为主的政策,主要是为了尽快统一西南,稳定局势,而“征伐”则是对不服从统治的异己对象的自然手段。平定三藩之乱后,清朝统治层对云南土司政策或治理土司的宽严“尺度”存在不同见解,但共同目的都是为了维护王朝的统治秩序。这一历时性的论述,既有利于从不同维度较全面地深入认识清代云南土司政治的发展演变过程,也有益于了解雍正朝改土归流的历史背景。

In the process of integrating Yunnan into the Qing’s rule during the Shunzhi顺治period,the Qing’s accommodation and attack to the Tusi(ethnic chieftains)could be regarded as its strategies for winning the game over the old local political powers.After Yunnan was brought into the rule,lasting peace and stability in the southwest frontier became an important goal for the rulers to consider Tusi politics.Before 1681,the 20th year of Kangxi康熙reign,the Tusi policies of the Qing had not been organized as a stable mechanism.During the period,the pacification was the main policy in order to maintain stability and integrate the southwestern area as soon as possible,while the necessary punitive expeditions were employed just to suppress the disobedience.After the revolt of three feudatories was quelled,the officers and emperor had different views of Yunnan Tusi policy--lenient or strict.But their common purpose was to maintain the Qing’s order.This diachronic discussion helps us understand the development and evolution of Yunnan Tusi politics in Qing Dynasty,and the background of Gaituguiliu改土归流policy(appropriating the governing power of local hereditary aboriginal chieftains and setting up the system of appointment of local administrators by the central government in ethnic minority areas)in the Yongzheng雍正period.