肾移植术后受者新型隐球菌感染的临床分析

Clinical analysis of cryptococcus neoformans infection in recipients after renal transplantation

目的分析肾移植术后患者新型隐球菌感染的临床特点。方法回顾性分析9例肾移植术后新型隐球菌感染受者的临床资料,包括受者的感染部位、临床表现、真菌学、组织病理学、影像学检查结果及治疗经过和转归。结果9例肾移植受者术后常规应用他克莫司(FK506)+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)+泼尼松三联免疫抑制治疗。发病中位时间为术后6(1~13)年。其中单纯隐球菌性脑膜炎1例、隐球菌性脑膜炎合并隐球菌肺炎5例、单纯隐球菌肺炎2例、皮肤隐球菌病1例。隐球菌肺炎临床多表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、气促及胸痛等症状,胸部CT示结节、胸腔积液等。主要经肺穿刺活组织检查(活检)及肺泡灌洗液墨汁负染色确诊。隐球菌性脑膜炎患者临床表现以发热、阵发性头痛伴呕吐症状居多,主要经血培养及脑脊液墨汁负染色确诊。皮肤隐球菌病表现为右肩部包块,经皮肤活检确诊。所有患者分别给予两性霉素B、氟康唑等规范抗真菌治疗,免疫抑制剂减量治疗。9例受者中1例死亡,其余受者预后情况良好。结论肾移植术后受者新型隐球菌感染多发生于术后中晚期,临床症状缺乏特异性,对怀疑隐球菌病者应及时做血培养、肺穿刺活检、脑脊液等检查以确诊。规范抗真菌治疗可降低病死率。

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of the recipients infected with cryptococcus neoformans after renal transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 9 patients infected with cryptococcus neoformans after renal transplantation were retrospectively analyzed, including the infection site, clinical manifestations, mycological, histopathological, imaging examination results, treatment process and clinical prognosis. Results Nine recipients were treated with routine triple immunosuppressive therapy of tacrolimus (FK506)+ mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)+ prednisone. The median time of onset was 6 years (1-13 years) after operation. Among them, 1 case was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis, 5 cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicated with cryptococcal pneumonia, 2 cases of cryptococcal pneumonia and 1 case of cutaneous cryptococcal infection. Cryptococcal pneumonia was clinically manifested as fever, cough, expectoration, shortness of breath and chest pain, etc. Chest CT demonstrated the signs of nodules and pleural effusion, etc. The diagnosis was mainly confirmed by lung biopsy and negative ink staining of the alveolar lavage fluid. Clinical manifestations of cryptococcal meningitis primarily included fever and paroxysmal headache accompanied by vomiting, which was mainly confirmed by blood culture and negative ink staining of the cerebrospinal fluid. Cutaneous cryptococcal infection was characterized by a mass in the right shoulder, which was confirmed by skin biopsy. All patients were given with standard antifungal therapy including amphotericin B and fluconazole, and immunosuppressive therapy at a reduced dosage. Among 9 recipients, 1 recipient died, and the other recipients obtained excellent clinical prognosis. Conclusions Cryptococcus neoformans infection dominantly occurs in the middle and late stage after renal transplantation presenting with non-specific clinical symptoms. Blood culture, lung biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid examination should be timely performed to validate the diagnosis of this disease. Standard anti-fungal therapy can reduce the mortality rate.