冯友兰、贺麟、唐君毅、牟宗三新儒学之比较

A Comparison of Feng Youlan, He Lin, Tang Junyi and Mou Zongsan’s Neo-Confucianism

在两代新儒家思想发展的历程中,从梁漱溟、熊十力援佛入儒会通西学建立宇宙生命的本体论,到冯友兰、贺麟贯通中西哲学建立新理学、新心学的理性本体论,再到唐君毅、牟宗三融合中西文化与佛教,建立心体即性体的道德形上学,形成了一个否定之否定的理论圆圈。因此,比较唐君毅、牟宗三与冯友兰、贺麟的文化观和本体论,对于我们考察现代新儒学发展的理论过程,是有意义的。从内容上看,冯友兰吸取新实在论融合程朱理学,提出理、气、道体、大全的宇宙观,进一步提出继往开来的文化体用论。贺麟宣扬新黑格尔主义和陆王心学,形成心性、体用、知行的范畴系统,提出多层文化体用论。唐君毅通过研究中国与西方的人文精神,比较中西哲学的宇宙观、心性观、人生观,说明文化意识与道德理性。牟宗三以陆王心学融合康德哲学,建立道德形上学的心性本体论,论述"内圣"开出科学、民主的"新外王"。

In the development of the two generations of Neo-Confucianism,from Liang Shuming and Xiong Shili,who added Buddha into the Confucianism to establish the ontology of the universe,to Feng Youlan and He Lin who established the rational ontology of the new science and the new mind,and to Tang Junyi and Mou Zongsan who merged Chinese and Western cultures and Buddhism to establish the moral metaphysics of the mind and body,they had formed a theoretical circle of negative negation.Therefore,comparing the cultural views and ontology of Tang,Mou,Feng and He is meaningful for us to examine the theoretical process in the development of modern Neo-Confucianism.As to the content:Feng Youlan absorbed new realism and merged Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism.He put forward the cosmos outlook of Li,Qi,Dao-ti and Daquan.Further proposals were made on the cultural style of past and future.He Lin advocated Neo-Hegelism and Lu Wang's Theory of Mind.The category system of mind,body,function and knowledge and action was formed.The theory of multi-level cultural stylistics was put forward.Junyi studied the humanistic spirit of China and the West,comparing the Views of Universe,Mind and Life between Chinese and Western philosophies and explaining cultural consciousness and moral rationality.Mou Zongsan's combined Kant's philosophy with Lu Wang's Theory of Mind,establishing the psychic ontology of moral metaphysics,and discussing "Inner Sage" who opened up "New King" of science and democracy.