篇章衔接与文学性——文本批评与篇章学融合的可能性

Textual cohesion and literariness: Possibility to integrate text criticism and text linguistics

形式主义批评认为,文学之所以区别于非文学形式,是因为文学文本具有一个区别于非文学文本的特征,即文学性。文学性的基本手段是陌生化和前景化。陌生化指文本语言的非习惯化,可以阻隔读者对文本的感知,延长读者的审美感知过程,创造文学效果。前景化指把非关注焦点置于画面的前景,使读者发生期望偏离,创造文学效果。篇章语言学研究的成篇性因素,如衔接和连贯手段,考察的正是语段之所以成为篇章的标准,这些标准在文学文本中常被有意违反,其结果就是将非常规的篇章组织形式前景化,制造陌生效果,使作品从自动语言组织跃升为具有文学性的文学篇章。二者殊途同归,不同的是篇章语言学对篇章的分析方法比文学批评中的文本分析更加科学化、程序化。两者之间的融合不仅具有广阔的空间和很大的可能性,还可以改变源于语言学研究的形式主义批评与篇章语言学长期不相往来的局面,提升文学文本批评的科学性。

Formalist criticism claims that literary texts distinguish themselves from nonliterary texts because they have a special feature,that is,literariness. Literariness is created through defamiliarization and foregrounding. The former indicates that textual language is unconventionalized to obstruct readers' text perception and delay their aesthetic perception so that literariness is created. The latter indicates that nonfocal and background information is foregrounded to deviate readers' expectation for literary effects. Textual cohesive devices and other devices are seen in text linguistics as standards to create texture. If the standards are violated deliberately,the effect of defamiliarization appears and the literariness in the text can be created so the original autonomous linguistic structure becomes a literary text. So text criti cism and text linguistics tread two paths leading to the same destination. So it is possible and necessary for formalist text criticism to join with linguistics and promote its methodological scientificity.