出土简牍所见汉代敦煌民族及其活动

Non-Chinese People of Dunhuang and Their Activities in the Han Dynasty Based on the wooden Slips

位于河西走廊西北部的敦煌地区先秦时期即有众多民族活动。汉代敦煌,作为西出中原重要的交通枢纽,亦是华戎集聚的重要都会。当地既有羌、小月氏等族群栖居,亦有原居敦煌后迁徙至中亚的乌孙、大月氏等人频频出入敦煌,与汉王朝交往,更有匈奴人频频在敦煌一带活动。从悬泉等地出土的汉简可以看出,汉政府在敦煌郡下设敦煌、冥安等六县,郡以西置阳关与玉门关,并设玉门、阳关、中部、宜禾四部都尉,加强对敦煌诸地的管理,此外还于酒泉、张掖等地区设立五属国以安置如羌人、小月氏人、匈奴人。针对敦煌等地的民族分布状况,汉政府在河西设置各种官职,如酒泉太守、护羌校尉、护羌使者、护羌从事、主羌使者、护羌都吏等,以加强对敦煌等地各族人的管理,而且在敦煌郡府设立专门的翻译人员,如匈奴译、羌胡译等,以沟通各族之间的联系。

In the pre-Qin period, many different groups of people were active in the Dunhuang region at the western end of the Hexi corridor. In the Han dynasty, Dunhuang, as a traffic hub connecting the Central Plains with the West, was an important metropolitan area where Han Chinese and non-Han peoples mingled and traded. In addition to the local peoples like the Qiang and Little Yuezhi, groups such as Wusun and Great Yuezhi, who originally lived at Dunhuang and later migrated to Central Asia, frequently came to Dunhuang and had interactions with the Han empire. The Xiongnu (the Huns) were active in the Dunhuang region at this time as well. The wooden slips unearthed from Xuanquan Post indicate that six counties including Dunhuang and Ming'an were established under Dunhuang Prefecture, two passes, the Yangguan Pass and the Yumenguan Pass were set up in the west of the Prefecture, and four duwei (military organizations), namely Yumen, Yangguan, Zhongbu and Yihe, were set up to enhance the management and security of the region. Additionally, five tributary states were set up in Jiuquan and Zhangye for peoples like the Qiang, Little Yuezhi, and the Huns. The Han government also set up various official posts to strengthen its management of the various ethnic groups distributed throughout the region;there were even special interpreters in the Dunghuang Prefecture government offices to help with communication between groups.