重新认识乡土中国——基于社会结构变迁的视角

Re-recognition of Rural China——From the Perspective of Social Structural Change

乡土中国概念是基于南宋至1840年期间中国社会结构特征的表述。乡土中国的基本结构单元是村落社区,其本质特征是社区性。乡土中国在经济、社会、政治和文化层面主要体现为小农经济、村落社区、家国政治和儒家文化。村落社区作为中国传统社会的基本结构单元深刻形塑了中国社会转型的样态与路径。原子化、强制经济、国家政权建设等是村落社区解体后的社会结构状态和因应策略。改革开放以来则体现在再原子化、市场经济以及后国家政权建设等方面。当下乡村面临的急迫问题是欠发展问题,而欠发展的根本原因是原子化,即乡村失序。因此,必须另辟蹊径促进乡村可持续性发展--以社区重构建构中国乡村社会秩序。乡土重建本质上就是社区重建。

From the perspective of social structure changes,this paper re-examines the concept of rural China and combs its historical logic.The results show that rural China is based on the description of the social structure of China from the Southern Song Dynasty to 1840.The basic structural unit of rural China is village community,whose essential characteristic is community.Rural China is mainly embodied in small-scale peasant economy,village community,family-state politics and Confucian culture at the economic,social,political and cultural levels.As the basic structural unit of Chinese traditional society,village community has profoundly shaped the pattern and path of social transformation in China.Atomization is the state of social structure after the disintegration of village community;Compulsory economy and the state-making are corresponding strategies.Since the reform and opening up,it has been reflected in re-atomization,market economy and the post-state making.At present,the urgent problem facing the countryside is underdevelopment,and the fundamental reason for underdevelopment is atomization,that is,rural disorder.Therefore,we must find a new way to promote the sustainable development of rural areas-to reconstruct the social order of rural areas in China by means of community reconstruction.The essence of rural reconstruction is community reconstruction.