民法典编纂视野下的遗嘱形式及其形式要件完善

Testament Forms and the Improvement of its Formal Elements in the Perspective of Compilation of Civil Code

民法典继承编应当对打印遗嘱设置更为严格的条件,除要求有两个以上的见证人在场见证,尚应在打印遗嘱的每一页上要求遗嘱人、见证人签名并注明日期。应明确规定口头遗嘱的适用范围,同时允许见证人使用书写之外的记录方式。在见证人无法觅得的情况下,允许遗嘱人运用现代通讯方式将其遗愿告知见证人,以给遗嘱人在危急情况下订立口头遗嘱提供更多的使其有效的方式。应对录音遗嘱的具体见证程序和内容予以完善,制作录音遗嘱时遗嘱人、见证人应分别口述自己的姓名、性别、籍贯等身份信息以及录音遗嘱的制作地点、时间。密封遗嘱既具有自书遗嘱之私密性,又具有公证遗嘱之强证据力,而且密封遗嘱如不具备应有的形式要求,尚可转换为其他遗嘱形式。

Succession of Civil Code should impose stricter conditions on the printed testaments. In addition to requiring more than two witnesses to be present,the testator and witness should be required to sign and note the date on each page of the printed testament. The scope of application of oral testament should be clearly defined,and witnesses should be allowed to use records other than writing,and testators should be allowed to inform witnesses of their will by modern means of communication when witnesses are not available,so as to provide the testator with effective ways of more oral testaments in critical circumstances. It is necessary to perfect the specific witness procedure and content of the recorded testament,the testator and witness shall dictate their own names,sexes,places of origin and other identities as well as the places and time of making the recorded testament. Sealed testament not only has the privacy of self-written testament,but also has the strong evidential force of notary testament. If sealed testament does not have the formal requirements,it can be converted into other forms of testaments.