中国共产党在宪法中领导党地位的形成

On the Communist Party of China (CPC) Being Designated as the Leading Party in China

在世界政党中,中国共产党是独特的领导党,西方宪法学和政治学词典里没有这个词目。作为领导党,中国共产党与西方执政党的主要区别是:前者不仅要执政,还要领导社会,而后者仅仅为了执政,不但不能整合社会,反而为了选票,分割选民,人为地扩大和深化了社会分歧;前者是通过革命而取得执政权,后者是通过选举而取得执政地位;前者对政权实行全面领导,后者对政权实行部分执政;前者和民主党派是领导与合作、执政与参政关系,后者和其他政党则是执政和在野关系;前者和民主党派都是长期执政和参政,后者则是相对短期执政。中国共产党成为领导党是被国家宪法所认可并对不同对象有全面领导、直接领导、间接领导的权力。中国共产党之所以能够成为领导党是具有合法性依据的,一是它带领中国人民实现了站起来、富起来、强起来的历史性飞跃;二是它按照领导权的两个条件引导民主党派,照顾了同盟者的利益;三是它始终坚持“两个先锋队”性质,积极构建人类命运共同体。巩固和加强中国共产党领导党地位需要深入研究如何破解一把手监督难、中国共产党党员人数规模、如何进一步领导好“一国两制”等问题。

The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the only and unique leading party in China. There is no equivalent concept in Western political science. As the leading party, the major differences between CPC and Western ruling parties are as follows. First, the leading party not only rules the government, but also leads the society. By contrast, Western ruling parties are vying to be elected for offices. Not only do they fail to unite the society, but also they tend to alien the constituency. Second, the leading party acquired its power through revolutions, while a Western ruling party acquires its power through election. Third, the leading party commands overall leadership, while a Western ruling party implements partial administrative power. Fourth, the relationship among the leading party and non-leading parties are cooperative and deliberative, while in the West it is oppositive and antagonistic. Fifth, the leading party holds the office in long term and the other parties remain consultative and deliberative, while Western ruling parties hold the office in fixed terms. The leading power of CPC constitutes overall leadership, absolute leadership, and strengthened leadership over different groups and entities. The legitimacy of CPC standing as the leading party of China originated from the following facts: First, it led the Chinese people to achieve a historic leap of rising up, getting rich and becoming stronger. Second, it guided the non-CPC parties in accordance with the two conditions of leadership and took care of the interests of the allies. Third, it always adheres to the nature of the “Two Vanguards”, and actively seeks to construct the Community of Shared Future of Mankind.