实践视域下马克思对精神自由观的翻转

Marx’s Reversal of the View of Spiritual Freedom from the Perspective of Practice

“从天国到现实”的精神自由观的形成和传统旧哲学的自我意识的片面性证明了马克思实践自由观的合理性以及客观性。马克思致力于现实生活,超越了德国观念论中自由的“虚化”和“物化”,从实践的思维向度对人的全面自由的发展进行阐释,预设了每个人自由全面发展的“自由王国”,把自由的观念从天国引向了现实,确立了实践自由观的思维范式,通过对传统旧哲学和德国观念论自由的权衡与糅合,马克思从三重理论向度剖析并批判了精神自由观。通过这三方面的分析进一步确立了实践唯物主义自由观立场的稳定性,为实践自由观开辟了新的路径。

The formation of the concept of spiritual freedom from “heaven to reality” and the one sidedness of the traditional philosophy of self proved the rationality and objectivity of Marx’s view of freedom of practice. Marx was committed to real life, which goes beyond the German Idealism in the freedom of the “falsification” and “materialization”. Marx explained, from practical thinking dimensions, the development of full freedom of the people, and presumed the “realm of freedom” in which every individual experiences free and all-round development. Whereupon, the idea of freedom was brought from “heaven” to “reality” and the thinking paradigm of freedom of practice was established. By balancing and blending the traditional philosophy and the German Idealism, Marx was able to approach and analyze, critically, the spirit of freedom from three theoretical dimensions. Through the analysis of these three aspects, the legitimacy and stability of the view of freedom held by practical materialists is further established, which opens up a new path for the concept of practical freedom.